Emotions • Bodily arousal (heart pounding) • Expressive behaviors (quick pace) • Conscious experience and feelings Chicken or Egg: Does bodily arousal come before or after emotional feelings? How do thinking and feeling interact? (Do I think about being kidnapped before reacting emotionally?) James-Lange Theory: Arousal Comes Before Emotion • We feel sorry because we cry • We feel angry because we strike • We are feel afraid because we tremble • Emotions result from attention to our bodily activity Cannon-Bard Theory: Arousal and Emotion Occur Simultaneously • Heart rate, perspiration, and body temperature are too similar to cause different emotions • Bodily responses and experience emotions occur separately but simultaneously Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Arousal + Label = Emotion • Physical reactions and thoughts (perceptions, memories, and interpretations) together create emotion • Two-factor Theory: Physical arousal and cognitive appraisal • Spillover effect: Arousal spills over from one event to the next • E.g., enjoying an invigorating run and then receiving a message you got your dream job Zajonc, LeDoux, & Lazarus: Does Cognition Always Precede Emotion? • Must we always interpret our arousal before we can experience emotion? • We have emotional reaction apart from conscious interpretation of the situation • People repeatedly view stimuli flashed too briefly for them to interpret, yet can come to prefer that stimuli (Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980) Brain’s Pathways for Emotions • Two-track brain, sensory input • A: Sensory input to the cortex for analysis and then to the amygdala • B: Directly to the amygdala for instant emotional reaction Autonomic Nervous System & Emotions • Sympathetic Division (Arousing) • Parasympathetic Division (Calming) Physiology of Emotions • We feel our emotions (e.g., excitement and panic involve similar physiological arousal) • Differences in emotions are not easily detected in heart rate, breathing, and perspiration • Facial expressions and brain activity can vary with emotion Detecting Emotions • Human brains are good detectors of subtle expressions • Shown only 10 s of speed-dating interaction, people can tell if one person is attracted to the other or not (Place et al., 2009) • One-tenth of a second allows viewers to judge trustworthiness or rate politician's competence and predict voter support (Olivola & Todorov, 2010) Emotion and Culture • A smile is well recognized across all cultures as is laughter and sadness • Emotions are generally stable across cultures (Crivelli et al., 2016b) • People blind from birth spontaneously exhibit common facial expressions associated with emotions such as joy, sadness, fear, and anger (Galati et al., 2997) • Smiles are social as well as emotional events (We smile as an expression of emotion) Anger & Happiness • Anger: a short madness • Catharsis: aggressive action or fantasy enables emotional release • Wait, Find a healthy distraction, distance yourself • Happiness: contentment • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon • Positive psychology Stress & Illness • Stress: process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event Stress Response System • Phase 1: Alarm Reaction • Sympathetic nervous system is activated, heart rate zooms • Phase 2: Resistance • Temperature, blood pressure, and respiration • Phase 3: Exhaustion • Vulnerable to illness, extreme cases collapse and death Stress & Immune System • Surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed people • Dental students received precise small holes, students before an exam healed 40% slower compared to students during summer vacation • Stressed people are more vulnerable to colds • 47% of people living with stress developed colds • Stress can hasten course of disease • Coronary heart disease skills about 1,642 people daily, and about 630,0000 annually Personality and Pessimism and Stress • Type A • Reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super motivated, verbally aggressive and easily angered • Type B • Easy going, mellow, laid back Health and Coping • Coping: Managing and alleviating stress • Problem-focused coping • Emotion-focused coping Lack of Control • Personal control • Learned helplessness: feelings of passive resignation • Dogs were repeatedly shocked with no opportunity avoid and then later did not attempt to escape by jumping hurdles (Seligman & Maier, 1967) • Perceieved loss of control can lead to h death faster Build Self Control • External locus of control: perception that outside forces to control their fate • Internal locus of control: perception that you can control your own destiny • Self-control: ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification Managing and Reducing Stress • Optimism vs Pessimism • Social Support • Exercise • Relaxation and Meditation • Mindfulness meditation • Religious and Faith Communities

Emotions, Stress, and Health

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