Understanding Plagiarism in PSYCH295

PSYCH295 Plagiarism One kind of mental model for the computer is the naïve model. According to van Merriënboer (1997), "A naïve mental model in the context of computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system, and that giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human being." Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Without realizing the ineffectiveness of one's learning strategy, one will not try new strategy. According to Garner (1990), "If children and adults do not notice that they are not learning, they are unlikely to seek a strategic remedy" (p. 518). Word-for-Word Plagiarism Without source When you design a problem in an educational setting, you will realize that design problems are usually among the most complex and ill-structured kinds of problems (Jonassen, 2000, p. 80). Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Teachers are encouraged to use cognitive tools. There are several cognitive tools available to teachers. "Computer environments can integrate these cognitive tools with the simulation" (de Jong, 2006, p. 532). Not Plagiarized With source Two components must be present in an instructional design theory. The first component (methods) describes how human learning will be supported, and the second component (situation) describes when certain methods ought to be used. Paraphrasing Plagiarism Without source In explaining how he proposes to extend the current view of design, Reeves (1999) adds three primary components to design, including fundamental emphasis on human cognition, designing content equally with interface, and considering everyone who will use the design to be a learner. Not Plagiarized With source Researchers having interest in designing effective and efficient inquiry-based learning environments have studied the utilization of cognitive tools (de Jong, 2006). Teachers are encouraged to use cognitive tools in classroom activities to improve student learning and achievement. Paraphrasing Plagiarism Without source The readers of technical documentation manuals do not read those manuals in linear order. They are impatient to be about their work, jump from the text to the task and back, and only stop to read in-depth if they have no other choice. Paraphrasing Plagiarism With source Sweller (1994) suggests that "engaging in complex activities such as these that impose a heavy cognitive load and are irrelevant to schema acquisition will interfere with learning" (p. 301). Considering the effect of cognitive load, a goal-free strategy reducing extraneous cognitive load during problem solving can be effective to acquire schema (Sweller, 1994). Without source 1/5 Word-for-Word Plagiarism According to Dixon, Gassenheimer, and Feldman Barr, a lone wolf can be identified as "a psychological state in which one prefers to work alone when making decisions and setting/accomplishing priorities and goals". When a student does not trust other students' competence, he or she may prefer to work alone (Dixon et al., 2003). Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Barron (2000) examined interactive processes between peer partners and evaluated their effectiveness based on mutuality representing " the extent to which there is reciprocity and balance in interaction " (p.430). The mutuality represented how the peer partners focused on a same task while they solve a problem collaboratively (Barron, 2000). Not Plagiarized With source The concept of systems is explained based on the relation between parts and a whole. Frick said that "... a system has parts that fit together to make a whole ..." but the important aspect of systems is "... how those parts are connected or related to each other" (1991, p. 17). Paraphrasing Plagiarism With source Reigeluth (1999) maintains that instructional design theories focusing on learning need to be generated and refined. Such theories will help educators and trainers to meet those needs (i.e., that focus on learning and that foster development of initiative, teamwork, thinking skills, and diversity). Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source The main goal of any instructional design process is to construct a learning environment in order to provide learners with the conditions that support desired learning processes. Process models proliferate because more and more designers generate models that focus on specific contexts, learners, or even units of instruction. Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Merrill (2002) notes that the learning task should represent the task that the learner will encounter in the real world following instruction (the task should be authentic). He identified the First Principles of Instruction by analyzing a variety of design theories and models and defined a principle as "a relationship that is always true under appropriate conditions regardless of program or practice" (Merrill, 2002, p. 43). The first of Merrill's five principles states, "Learning is promoted when learners are engaged in solving real-world [authentic] problems" (Merrill, 2002, p. 45). Not Plagiarized With source There are two different kinds of change: Piecemeal and Systemic change. According to Reigeluth, " systemic change entails modifying the structure of a system " (1999, p.16). Paraphrasing Plagiarism With source A learning theory is made up of "a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with what is thought to bring about those changes" (Driscoll, 2000, p. 9). Because learning processes vary based on the readiness of learners, the nature of tasks, and the learning contexts, one sole learning theory cannot explain all phenomenon involved in learning. 2/5 Paraphrasing Plagiarism With source Papastergiou (2009) revealed that "DGBL (Digital Game-Based Learning) approach was both more effective in promoting students' knowledge of computer memory concepts and more motivational for students than the non-gaming approach". However to make an effective educational game, one needs to maintain balance between pedagogical requirements and fun-factors embedded in games (Featherstone, Aston, & Houghton, 2013). Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Papastergiou (2009) revealed that "DGBL (Digital Game-Based Learning) approach was both more effective in promoting students' knowledge of computer memory concepts" (p.10). The DGBL approach is superior to the non-gaming approach in terms of motivating students (Papastergiou, 2009). However the game designs need to balance pedagogical requirements with an elusive fun-factor, with the second aspect being an issue even in the high-profile entertainment industry. Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Instructional design theories are design oriented and describe what instructional methods should be used in what situation in order to best achieve desired goals. Instructional design implies a reflective process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans. For instance, Merrill identified the First Principles of Instruction by analyzing a variety of design theories and models and claims learning from a given program will be promoted in direct proportion to its implementation of first principles (Merrill, 2002, p. 44). Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source The main distinguishing features of MOOCs are that they are (a) open and free so that anyone can participate and (b) have a large number of participants (Yuan & Powell, 2013). MOOCs can vary based on their types. Spector (2014) introduced the concept of Mini-MOOCs, which are "tightly focused in terms of scope and aimed at specific skills that can be developed and testing using automated means available through the Internet" (p. 390). Not Plagiarized With source Spearman correlation coefficient measures the degree of relationship between two ordinal variables (Hauke & Kossowski, 2011). While quantitative methods characterize relationships of variables that are measured separately with mathematical models such as linear models, APT offers an alternative method without any mathematical model that measures temporal relations of variables in time directly by counting their occurrences in temporal maps (Frick, 1990). Paraphrasing Plagiarism With source Steinkuehler (2007) points out that "...literacies crucially entails sense making within a rich, multimodal semiotic system, situated in a community of practice that renders that system meaningful" (p.300). In a multimodal semiotic system, "...active involvement was the only affective factor significantly linked to learning" (Corbeil & Laveault, 2011, p. 474). With source 3/5 Not Plagiarized One of the reasons that reduce the use of games in schools is that the belief that games are the part of informal settings and their purpose is fun not learning. Parents, teachers and administrators "see games as insufficiently serious, that they are just play" (Klopfer, Osterweil, & Salen, 2009, p.2). Squire states that traditional curriculum vary based on the school levels, which do not support skills that might be gained through using games. Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Educational technology is defined as the study "of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources" (Januszewski & Molenda, 2008, p.1). With the rapid advances in technology, new educational technologies have been introduced and used in learning settings. Mwanza-Simwami (2013) emphasizes that educational technology design methods should provide frameworks and models that address social-cultural practices and motives, interactions among users of technology for those who design and develop technology. Not Plagiarized With source Gee (2005) claims that "no deep learning takes place unless learners make an extended commitment of self". According to Gee (2005), deep learning comes along through taking on new identities, which makes learners more motivated to value their work. In addition to taking on new identities, the knowledge construction occurs well when children build and create artifacts of social relevance with interacting others. Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source One kind of mental model for the computer is the naïve model. According to van Merriënboer (1997), "A naïve mental model in the context of computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system, and that giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human being." Word-for-Word Plagiarism With source Salen and Zimmerman (2004) reviewed many of the major writers on games and simulations and synthesized the following definitions: "A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome" (p. 80). They contended that some simulations are not games but that most games are some form of simulation. Not Plagiraized With source Attributes of rigorous research can be shared across subjects of study. For example, Collins and Porras (2002) highlight the importance of having a control group when comparing companies in any effort to identify what specific company characteristics are able to distinguish the successful from the ordinary. Not Plagiarized With source A learning theory is made up of a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with whatever is thought to bring about those changes. Therefore since learning is a complex set of processes that may vary according to the developmental level of the learner, the nature of the task, and the context in which the learning is to occur, it is apparent that no one theory can capture all the variables involved in learning. 4/5 Paraphrasing Plagiarism Without source When major changes are initiated in organizations, "... there is often the implicit assumption that training will 'solve the problem.' And, indeed, training may solve part of the problem." (Dormant, 1986, p. 238). With source 5/5 Not Plagiarized