Antisocial Relations Antisocial Relations

University:
Georgia Southern University
Course:
PSYC 1101 | Introduction of Psychology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

187

Pages:

40
Author:

Jalen W.

Antisocial Relations Antisocial Relations • Prejudice: Unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members • Stereotypes: Generalized beliefs about a group of people • Which lead to a predisposition to discriminate (act in negative and unjustifiable ways toward members of the group) Explicit vs. Implicit? Explicit and Implicit Prejudice • Testing for unconscious group associations • Harvard Implicit Association Tests • Considering unconscious patronization • White university women assessed student essays that were believed to either be written by a White student or Black student and they primarily graded Black student’s essays much more positively (Harber, 1998) • Monitoring reflexive bodily responses • Neuroscientists can detect signals of implicit prejudice in the viewer’s facial muscles when looking at images of others from another ethnic group (Cunningham et al., 2004) Targets of Prejudice • Three in four Americans (nearly 9 in 10 college graduates) agree that having many different different races and ethnicities is good for the country (Horowitz, 2019) • Perhaps overt prejudice has waned, but subtle prejudice lingers Targets of Prejudice (Racial and Ethnic) • 9 in 10 White respondents take longer to identify pleasant words such as peace and paradise as good when presented with Black-sounding names (e.g., Latisha and Darnell) compared to White-sound names (e.g., Katie and Ian) • People were more quickly to associate good things with White names and quicker to perceive anger and threat in Black faces (Hugenberg & Bodenhasuen, 2003) • In 2008 US election, those demonstrating explicit or implicit prejudice were less likely to vote for Barack Obama; however, his election reduced implicit prejudice (Bernstein et al., 2010; Payne et la., 2010; Stephens-Davidowitz, 2014) Targets of Prejudice (Racial and Ethnic) • 59 unarmed suspect shoots in Philadelphia over seven years, 49 involved a misidentification of an object and Black suspects were more than twice as likely to be misperceived as threatening, even by Black officers (Blow, 2015) • Across the US, about 1 in 1000 Black men have been killed by a police officer, more than double White men ‘s rate (Edwards et al., 2019) Targets of Prejudice (Gender) • Pay. In Western countries, we pay more to those (usually men) who care for our streets than to those (usually women) who care for our children. • Leadership. From 2007 through 2016, male directors of 1000 popular films (the top 100 for each year) outnumbered female directors by 24 to 1 (Smith et al., 2017). Implicit gender bias also contributes to females’ not being promoted (Régner et al., 2019). • Respect. People more often refer to men (including male instructors) by their last name and women by their first name (Atir & Ferguson, 2018). Perceived intelligence. Despite equality between males and females in intelligence test scores, people tend to perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers and their sons as brighter than their daughters (Furnham, 2016). Targets of Prejudice (LGBTQ) • 39% reported having been rejected by a friend or family member because of their sexual orientation or gender identity (Pew, 2013b) • 58% reported being subject to slurs or jokes (Pew, 2013b) • 54% reported having been harassed at school and at work (Grant et al., 2010; James et al., 2016) • In 16 states that banned same-sex marriage between 2001 and 2005, gay and lesbian people experienced a 37% increase in depressive disorder and a 42% increase in alcohol use disorder, and a 248% increase in generalized anxiety • Laws reduce implicit bias: people became more gay-supportive when same-sex marriage was legalized (Ofuso et al., 2019) Roots of Prejudice • Just-world phenomenon: good is reward and evil is punished; therefore, automatic assumptions that those who succeed must be good and those who suffer must be bad Roots of Prejudice • Ingroup: Us • Outgroup: Them • StoneAge ancestors: Friend or foe? • Greeks: Greeks vs. barbarians • Highschool students: Cliques • Even chimpanzees have been seen to wipe clean the spot where they were touched by a chimpanzee from another group or yawn only after another from their in group has yawned (Goodall, 1986) Scapegoat Theory • When things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for our emotions • During and after the contentious 2016 election, hate crime reports rose and in 2019, 7 in 10 Americans percieved as race relations worsening (FBI, 2019; Horowitz, 2019) Cognitive Shortcuts • Prejudice is a by-product of how we categorize the world around us • Categorize gender, ethnicity, race, age, and competence • Tendency to perceive outgroup homogeneity • Uniformity of attitudes, personality, and appearance • Greater recognition for individual own-race faces (other race effect) emerges during infancy • Own-age bias: better recognition of faces from our own age group Remembering Vivid Cases Victim Blaming • Rape, abuse, or AIDS victim got what they deserved • In some countries, such as Pakistan, rape victims have been sentences to severe punishment for violating adultery prohibitions (Mydans, 2002) • One study described a date two groups of people one ending in rape and other not, the one ending in rape ended with the group’s perception of the girl “should have known better” compared to the group that did not have that same ending (Janoff-Bullman, 1985) Aggression • Genetic influences • Identical twin studies have demonstrated that if one twin has a violent temper, the other often independently admits it, as well (Miles & Carey, 1997) • Neural influences • Researchers implanted a radio-controlled electrode in a caged monkey’s brain that when stimulated inhibits aggression, monkeys learned to push it every time the monkey behave threatening • A neurosurgeon implanted an electrode in the amygdala of a mild-mannered woman, but when switched on she demanded her blood pressure be taken and hit the doctor • One study of 203 convicted murderers revealed reduced tissue in impulsecontrol frontal lobes Aggression • Biochemical Influences • Hormonal influences greatly impact aggressive behavior in non-human animals • Alcohol increases the likelihood of violence when intoxicated (White et al., 1993) Aggression • Aversive events: Frustration-aggression principle Aggression • Media Models: Social scripts • Video Games • Mixed findings • Violent video games playing tends to make us less sensitive to cruelty (Arriaga et al., 2015) • Video games can prime aggressive thoughts, decrease empathy, and induce us to respond aggressively • University men who spend the most hours playing video games also had a tendency to physically aggressive (Anderson & Dill, 2000) • Adolescents see the world as more hostile (Bushman, 2016) Prosocial Relations Attraction • Proximity: Mere exposure effect • Do you like them or are they just in your class? • Familiarity produces positive feelings • We prefer pictures of ourselves that reflect the mirrored image we are often use to seeing (thank you Snapchat) Modern Matchmaking • Research on speed dating • People who fear rejection often elicit rejection (McClure & Lydon, 2014) • Given more options, people make superficial choices (Lenton & Francesconi, 2010) • Men wish for future contact with more of their speed dates than women (Finkel & Eastwick, 2009) • Compatibility is hard to predict (100 self-report measures beforehand) (Joel et al., 2017) Physical Attraction • Hundreds of experiments reveal that physical appearance most affects are first impressions • Physical attraction can also offer initial impressions of people’s personalities • People’s attractiveness is surprisingly unrelated to self-esteem (Diner et al., 1995) • Attractive people are often suspicious of praise for their work (Berscheid, 1981) • For couples who were friends first, looks matter less (Hunt et al., 2015) • Similarity is also a prime factor in attraction Altruism • Unselfish concern for the welfare of others • Carl Wilkens, a Seventh-day Adventist missionary in 1994 living in Rwanda when a militia group attacked a minority ethnic group, after everyone evacuated, Carl Wilkens stayed and contested the 800,000 person genocide Altruism • Bystander Effect: Diffusion of responsibility when more people are involved Most likely to help when: • The persona appears to need and deserve help • The person is similar to us • The person is a woman • We have just observed someone else being helpful • We are not in a hurry • We are in a small town or rural area • We are feeling guilty • We are focused on others and not preoccupied • We are in a good mood Norms for Helping • Social Exchange Theory: Cost-benefit analysis of if it’s worth it to help • Reciprocity Norm: Expectation that we should return help, not harm • Social-responsibility Norm: Help those who need our help • Children, vulnerable populations From Conflict to Peace • Conflict: perceived incompatibility of goals, actions, and ideas • Mirror-imaged perceptions: We see “them” as untrustworthy, so ”they” see us • Cooperation • Sharing goals that can only be achieved through cooperation • Communication • Sometimes a third party is warranted • Conciliation • Understanding and cooperative resolution

Antisocial Relations Antisocial Relations

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