Personality Defined • Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory of Personality • Dynamic interaction between the conscious mind and unconscious mind, including associated motives and conflicts • Psychoanalysis: theory of personality and associated treatment, clinical attention to the unconscious mind Ego Projection Repression Freudian slips Sibling rivalry Inferiority Complex Fixation Freud’s Theory of Personality • Id: Strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress • Ego: Develops as a young child responds to the real world, operates on the reality principle, seeks to gratify the Id’s impulses in realist ways that will bring long-term pleasure • Superego: Around 4 or 5, a child recognizes the demands of a moral compass, not only considers the real but the ideal Personality Development • A child passes through psychosexual stages • Id’s pleasure-seeking energies • Oedipus complex: Greek legend of unconscious desires lead to killing his father and marrying his mother • Freud believed that this was in tis case and also considered it a universal experience Freud’s Defense Mechanisms • Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality • Freud proposed they all functioned indirectly and unconsciously • • • • • • Regression Reaction formation Projection Rationalization Displacement Denial Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Karen Horney (1885-1952) Carl Jung (1875-1961) Repression • Modern research challenges the idea of repression • Preserve self-esteem by neglecting threatening information (Green et al., 2018) • Unconscious mind • • • • • Schemas (perceptions) Priming Implicit memories Emotions Stereotypes and implicit prejudice Assessing Unconscious Processes • Thematic Apperception Test: projective test in which people view ambiguous pictures and them make up stories about them • Rorschach inkblot test Humanistic Theories of Personality • Focuses on ways people strive for self-determination and selfrealization Abraham Maslow (1908- 1970) Hierarchy of Needs Including sense of security and love before self-actualization could occur Carl Rogers (1902- 1987) Person-centered perspective People are basically good and endowed with self-actualizing tendencies Acceptance, genuineness, empathy Evaluating Humanistic Theories: Are people generally good? Personality Trait Theories • Fundamental personality traits: Characteristic behaviors and conscious motives • Feeling type vs. Thinking type Biology and Personality • Brain-activity scans demonstrate that extroverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low • Identical twin personalities are more similar than fraternal twins • Personality differences in animals such as dogs, monkeys, killer whales, sea lions, and birds have been evident Assessing Personality Traits • Personality inventories • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • Big Five Factors • • • • • Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neurotocism Person-Situation Controversy: What is our personality in different situations? Stability of Personality • Personality traits are relatively stable and potent; however, consistency of our specific behaviors from one situation to the next is another matter • Person’s average outgoingness, happiness, and carelessness is predictable (Epstein 1983a,b) Expression of Personality Traits • Music preferences. Your playlist reveals something of your personality. Classical, jazz, blues, and folk music lovers tend to be open to experience and verbally intelligent. Extraverts tend to prefer upbeat and energetic music. Country, pop, and religious music lovers tend to be cheerful, outgoing, and conscientious (Langmeyer et al., 2012; Nave et al., 2018; Rentfrow & Gosling, 2003, 2006). Expression of Personality Traits • Written Communications. You can detect someone’s personality from their written communication (Orehek & Human, 2017) Expression of Personality Traits • Online and Personal Spaces. Online profiles (although sometimes believed to be misleading and the highlight reel) are often a window to the personality and self-expression Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality • Social-cognitive perspective: Personality is made up of the interaction of our traits with our situations • Reciprocal determinism: Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences all operate as interlocking determinants of each other Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality • Different people choose different environments • Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events • Our personalities help create situations to which we react Exploring the Self • Concept of self: Organizer of our thoughts, feelings, actions and occupies the center of personality • Spotlight effect: Lead us to presume too readily that others are noticing us • University students asked to wear an embarrassing T-shirt and guessed that at least half of their peers noticed when only 23% did (Gilovich, 1996) Exploring the Self • Self-esteem: our feelings of high or low self-worth • Excessive optimism • Blindness to one’s own incompetence • Self-serving bias: readiness to perceive ourselves favorably • Narcissism: excessive self-love and self-focus

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