Preventive Efforts for NCDs

Preventive efforts for NCDs Preventive/preventive efforts are always better than curative/treatment. In the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases, there are 4 levels of prevention, namely: 1. Primordial Prevention. Primordial prevention is an effort to provide conditions in society that prevent the development of disease by not providing opportunities and support for unhealthy habits and lifestyles. For example, by creating preconditions where people feel that smoking is a bad habit and people are able to have a positive attitude about not smoking. 2. First Level Prevention. Prevention carried out through public health promotion by holding actions to raise public awareness and providing public health education; and through special prevention in the form of preventing exposure and administering chemopreventives. 3. Second level prevention Second level prevention through early diagnosis with screening, and treatment, with chemotherapy or surgery. 4. Third Level Prevention, namely through rehabilitation measures. The role and approach of epidemiology in non-communicable diseases The role and approach of epidemiology in non-communicable diseasesInfectious infections include: 1. The role of epidemiology of non-communicable diseases is to determine the distribution of NCDs in society; knowing the causes of the high distribution of NCDs in a society; and determine priority choices in dealing with PTM problems. 2. Epidemiological Approach to Non-Communicable DiseasesThe epidemiological approach to this non-communicable disease, namelyto determine the distribution and factors that influence the incidence of PTM or determinant factors. This distribution is aimed at looking at the burden of NCDs, increasing trends, frequency through rates, ratios and proportions. The epidemiological approach in NCDs cannot be separated from the basic epidemiological triangle (person, place, time), apart from looking at population and determinants.Like epidemiological research, non-communicable disease research also includes observational and experimental research. In general, NCD epidemiology is an observational study because of the long duration of noncommunicable diseases. Types of research on NCDs which are observational research include: a. Cross Sectional Research namely epidemiological studies that study the prevalence, distribution, and relationship of disease and exposure observationally and simultaneously at one timeon individuals in a population. b. Case Control Research This is an observational study that assesses the relationship between exposure to disease by determining a group of people with the disease (cases) and a group of people without the disease (controls), then comparing the frequency of exposure in the two groups. c. Cohort Research This is epidemiological research that is observational in nature and makes comparisons between a group of people who are affected by the disease (exposed) and another group who are not affected by the disease.(not exposed), then pay attention to the consequences. The basis of cohort research is the element of consequences in the future. Epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases The epidemiological transition has two definitions, namely: 1. Static, namely the time interval that starts with the dominance of infectious diseases and ends with the dominance of noncommunicable diseases as a cause of death. 2. Dynamic, namely the dynamic process of a society's health and illness patterns changing due to demographic, socio-economic, technological and political changes. Mechanism of occurrence of epidemiological transition: 1. Decrease in fertility which will affect incidencedisease. 2. Changes in risk factors will influence the incidence of disease. 3. Improve the organization and technology of health services which influence the Crude Fatality Rate (CFR).causing changes in the quantity, distribution, organization and quality of health services that influence the epidemiological transition through good diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that can reduce the CFR. 4. Treatment intervention