General Clinical Manifestations 1.1 Spectrum of Infectious Diseases Various clinical manifestations as a result of the disease process in individuals, ranging from clinical symptoms that are not visible (inapparent infection) to serious conditions accompanied by complications and ending in disability or death Prepathogenesis describes the period when people begin to become infected without clinical symptoms. This period is different for each disease depending on the nature of the bacteria (pathogenicity, virulence, tropism, and number of bacteria) and the human being attacked. Pathogenesis is the period when a person is initially sick and the symptoms that follow appear. From these symptoms, various possibilities can be identified, namely the disease can be cured or become chronic or healed leaving residual symptoms or death. In the sub-clinic, infection has occurred and there is still no disruption of organ function. Subclinics usually have characteristics, namely the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. Clinical is a condition when there is a disturbance in the function of the affected organ and causes symptoms. Finding sufferers at this stage is relatively easy, especially for diseases that cause symptoms. The main difficulty in diagnosing diseases at this stage is that not all diseases cause clear symptoms, in fact every disease does not cause symptoms. Clinical manifestations of infectious diseases in sufferers can be divided into three main groups, namely; 1.2 Distribution of Characteristics of Clinical Manifestations of Three Types of Infectious Disease a. Most of them have no clinical symptoms Diseases with more hidden sufferers are sufferers without symptoms or only mild symptoms, where the disease does not manifest itself at various levels. This form has a low level of pathogenicity, where only a small portion manifests itself clinically and very few become serious or die. This form of disease is usually referred to as the iceberg shape , where only a small part of the whole is visible on the surface. b. More with clear clinical symptoms Diseases with a veiled part (without symptoms) are relatively smaller. Most sufferers appear clinically and can be easily diagnosed, because sufferers generally present with classic symptoms. Among sufferers, only a small portion of the disease becomes severe and ends in death. c. A disease that generally ends in death A disease that shows a process of events that generally ends in abnormalities or ends in death. This group of diseases is always accompanied by severe clinical symptoms and is mostly accompanied by death. Information: No symptoms, mild symptoms, moderate symptoms, severe symptoms, fatal 1.3 Covert Infection (Without Clinical Symptoms) Covert infection is a condition of a disease that does not manifest itself clearly and clearly in the form of clear clinical symptoms. In this way, it is different from diseases that have a clear diagnosis, which can only be known clinically. So covert infections cannot be diagnosed without certain methods such as a tuberculosis test, examination of antibodies in the body, etc. To obtain an accurate estimate of the magnitude and extent of the incidence of covert infections of certain diseases in society, epidemiological observations or surveys are needed in which certain tests are carried out on the entire population to find out how large the spread of the disease is in society. The results of this survey are very useful for program implementation purposes. The role of covert infections in efforts to prevent and control certain infectious diseases is very important because covert infections have the potential to be a source of quite dangerous transmission. Clinical manifestations are related to recording and reporting. Currently, although isolation of sufferers of certain infectious diseases is still carried out, efforts to control infectious diseases are generally more focused on the possibility of the spread of the causative organisms in the community. Patients without clinical symptoms play an important role because they are the main source of the spread of certain infectious diseases in society. Due to the differences in clinical manifestations of various types of infectious diseases, not all sufferers of infectious diseases in the community can be properly recorded by health officials. In general, only those with serious disease manifestations will be recorded as inpatients in hospital. Meanwhile, most sufferers with mild or moderate clinical symptoms will probably go to a health care center or doctor for treatment so that they can be recorded in the disease incident report. Meanwhile, diseases without clinical symptoms are generally not recorded and not reported. Therefore, in certain diseases there will be reports of infection incidents that are lower than actual, whereas for diseases with severe clinical manifestations, the mortality rate (CFR) will be higher than actual.