Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Characteristics of non-communicable diseases Non-communicable diseases occur due to interactions between agents (non-living agents) with hosts (humans, predisposing factors, infections, etc.) and the surrounding environment (source and vehicle of agent) 1. Agent. Agents have the following characteristics: a. Agents (non-living agents) can be chemical, physical,mechanical and psychological. b. Non-infectious disease agents vary greatly, from the simplest to the complex (from molecules to substances with complex bonds). c. A complete explanation of non-communicable diseases cannot be obtained without knowing the agent specifications. d. Non-infectious agents can cause differences in severity according to the pathogenicity scale. Pathogenicity agent is the ability of a disease agent to cause disease in the host. Other characteristics of non-communicable disease agents that need to be considered are the ability to invade/enter tissue; the ability to damage tissue reversibly or irreversibly; and the ability to cause hypersensitivity reactions 2. Reservoirs Reservoirs have the following characteristics : a. Reservoirs can be living organisms or inanimate objects (soil, air, water) which can be a place for agents to live, grow and reproduce well. b. In general, reservoir agents for non-communicable diseases are inanimate objects. c. In non-communicable diseases, a person exposed to the agent does not have the potential to act as a reservoir for transmitting the disease. 3. Agent – Host Relationship a. The Contact Phase, namely the occurrence of contact between the agent and the host, is influenced by the length of contact; dose; and the pathogenicity of the agent. b. The accumulation phase in the tissue is when exposed to the agentfor a long time and continuously. c. The subclinical phase is a phase where signs and symptoms are usually not visible, but tissue damage has occurred. The network damage depends on the network attacked by the agent; damage experienced(light, medium or heavy); and the nature of the damage (reversible or irreversible/chronic, and death or disability). d. The Clinical Phase is a phase that has caused a reaction in the host with symptoms and signs experienced by the host. 4. Characteristics of PTM Non-communicable diseases have characteristics that are not infectious; etiological factors are not clearly known; the causal agent is a non-living agent; the duration of the disease is long/ chronic in nature; and the subclinical and clinical phases are also long in chronic disease. TYPES OF NON-COMMUMICABLE DISEASEA Non-communicable diseases are generally caused by hereditary factors and unhealthy lifestyles. Someone who is close or has close contact with the sufferer will not contract the disease. Non-communicable diseases can be described as a disease caused by the decline of human organs or a disease that is included in the category of degenerative disease (age factor). Some examples of noncommunicable diseases are heart disease, stroke, diabetes and other diseases. There are approximately 30 types of non-communicable diseases, including: 1. Hypertension 2. Diabetes 3. Ashma Bronchiale 4. Osteoporosis 5. Depression 6. Food/drink poisoning 7. Mouth ulcers 8. Rheumatism 9. Stroke 10. Cancer 11. Ulcers 12. Stomach acid 13. Gastric ulcers 14. Obesity 15. Diabetes mellitus 16. Glaucoma 17. Kidney failure