AP Biology Cell Communication | Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools

University:
Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
Course:
AP Biology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

473

Pages:

2
Author:

Angelica Lam

Cell Communication ● Ways Cells Communicate: ○ Cell-to-Cell Contact ■ Immune system cells (Antigen-presenting/Macrophages cells & Helper T cells) ■ Plasmodesmata ○ Short distance: Uses local regulators that target nearby cells ○ Long distances: signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type ■ Steroid hormones (since they are lipids, they can go through the plasma membrane) ■ Insulin (will need a receptor) ● Signal Transduction Pathway: ○ Reception: Ligand binds to the receptor protein (it might change shape) ○ Transduction: A multistep pathway in which molecules communicate & change each other ■ Secondary messengers (ex. Cyclic AMP) are molecules that relay & amplify the intracellular signal ■ Protein modification ■ Phosphorylation (adding phosphate groups) ○ Cellular Response: cell growth, cell death, secretion of molecules, or gene expression ○ A change/ mutation in the structure any signaling molecule affects the activity of the signaling pathway & can alter the cellular response ● Quorum Sensing: Microbes communicate with other nearby cells with the use of chemical messengers to regulate specific pathways in response to population density ● Negative feedback: maintains homeostasis by regulating physiological processes moves back to the set point ○ Ex. Body temperature & blood sugar (too high = insulin is released & too low = glucagon is released) ● Positive feedback: keeps amplifying responses/processes until the system is changesmoves away from the set point ○ Ex. Child labor, blood clotting, & ripening of fruit