AP Biology Cellular Respiration | Study Guide

University:
Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
Course:
AP Biology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

385

Pages:

2
Author:

Pompanin8za

Cellular Respiration ● Mitochondrial gene is found on a single chromosome & it is only inherited from the mother. ● Glycolysis (occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell): ○ A biochemical pathway that takes in glucose & produces 2 ATP (from ADP & inorganic phosphate) & 2 pyruvate , & 2 NADH ( from 2 NAD+ ). Doesn’t require oxygen! ○ NADH will carry the electrons to the ETC ● Anaerobic (absence of oxygen): After glycolysis, cells in anaerobic conditions can go through: ○ Fermentation: converts NADH to NAD+ (NAD+ is needed in glycolysis to continue making ATP) ■ Produces organic molecules, alcohol, lactic acid, & waste products ○ Lactic Acid Fermentation produces lactate/lactic acid & ATP ● Aerobic (presence of oxygen): Pyruvate is transported from the cytosol to the mitochondrion ○ Activator proteins (2 pyruvate release 2 CO2, & produces 2 NADH & 2 AcetylCoA) ○ 2 Acetyl-CoA is taken into the Krebs cycle ● Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle (occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria): ○ Produces 2 ATP, 4 CO2, & 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 are loaded with electrons ○ All the electrons from NADH & FADH2 are transported to the ETC (occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane) ● Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ○ NADH drops off its electrons and becomes NAD+ again (can be used for glycolysis) ○ FADH2 drops off its electrons and becomes FAD again (can be used for Krebs cycle) ○ When electrons pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane is established (a bunch of hydrogen ions move to the intermembrane space) ○ Oxygen is the final electron acceptor & it bonds with 2 H+ to form H2O ○ Oxidative Phosphorylation: The H+ ions flow through ATP Synthase & chemiosmosis drives the formation of ATP from ADP & inorganic phosphate ● The ETC is present in chloroplasts, mitochondria, & prokaryotic plasma membranes