Diversity of Schools and Methodologies in Psychology

COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (PSY 150) CREDIT HOURS : 3 CREDITS SEMESTER/SESSION : 2st SEMESTER, 2021/2022 SESSION PREPARED BY : ROBIN ARKIN LECTURE NOTES Streams of Psychology Psychology is a constantly evolving field and many trends have emerged in recent years. Some of these trends include: 1. Integrative Methods There is a growing trend to combine different methods of psychology, such as cognitive, behavioral and biological methods. Integrative methods aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of human behavior and mental processes. 2. Focus on Diversity and Multiculturalism The importance of diversity and multiculturalism is increasingly recognized in psychology. This includes an emphasis on understanding how cultural factors influence behavior and mental processes, and promoting inclusivity and diversity in research and practice. 3. Emphasis on Evidence Based Practice There is a growing emphasis on the use of empirical research to inform psychological practice. Evidence-based practice involves the use of the best available scientific evidence to guide decision-making in clinical and other applied settings. 4. Greater use of Technology There is a trend to use technology to improve psychological research and practice. For example, virtual reality has been used to treat phobias, and social media has been explored as a tool to improve mental health. 5. Expanding Applied Psychology There is a growing emphasis on using psychology to solve real-world problems, such as improving education, improving health and well-being, and improving productivity in the workplace. 6. Focus on Positive Psychology Positive psychology is an emerging field that focuses on the study of human strengths and qualities and how they can be used to promote well-being and development. This includes the importance of positive thinking, perseverance and personal growth. This model reflects the diversity and interdisciplinary nature of psychology, as well as the ongoing efforts in the field to solve real-world problems and improve human health and well-being. Research Methods in Psychology Psychologists use a variety of research methods to study behavior and mental processes, and the choice of method depends on the research question, practical considerations, and ethical behavior. Many research methods are used in psychology, including: 1. Experimental Research This method involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effects of the dependent variable. It is often done in a laboratory setting and uses random assignment to control for extraneous variables. 2. Correlational Research This method involves researching the relationship between two or more variables. Correlational studies do not involve manipulation of variables and are usually used when it is not possible or ethical to conduct experimental research. 3. Survey Research This method involves asking questions or interviewing a large group of individuals to gather data about attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. 4. Case Study This method involves an in-depth examination of a specific individual, group or situation. Case studies are often used to investigate rare or unusual phenomena and can provide a wealth of descriptive data. 5. Naturalistic Observation This method involves observing individuals or groups in their natural state without disturbance. Naturalistic observation is often used to study behavior that would be difficult to observe in a laboratory setting. 6. Longitudinal Research This method involves studying a group of individuals over a long period of time to observe changes in behavior, attitudes, or other variables. 7. Meta Analysis This method involves analyzing data from multiple studies on the same topic to identify patterns or trends in results. It is important for psychologists to use rigorous and ethical research methods to produce valid and reliable findings that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.