Human Hierarchy Based on Motivation and Emotions

COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (PSY 150) CREDIT HOURS : 3 CREDITS SEMESTER/SESSION : 2st SEMESTER, 2021/2022 SESSION PREPARED BY : ROBIN ARKIN LECTURE NOTES Theory of Motivation Motivation is a complex concept that psychologists have studied for decades. There are several theories of motivation that try to explain why people behave in certain ways and what drives their behavior. Here are some of the most important theories of motivation in psychology: 1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs This theory suggests that human needs can be arranged in a hierarchical order, with physiological needs at the bottom (such as food, water, and shelter) and higher self actualization needs (such as achieving one's own needs). needs). full potential). According to Maslow, individuals are motivated to fulfill their basic needs before moving up the hierarchy to satisfy higher level needs. 2. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory This theory suggests that there are two types of factors that motivate individuals: hygiene factors (such as pay, working conditions, and job security) and motivators (such as performance, recognition, and personal growth). According to Herzberg, hygiene factors are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction, while motivators lead to satisfaction and motivation. 3. Expectancy Theory This theory suggests that individuals are motivated by the belief that their efforts will lead to desired outcomes. Expectancy theory states that motivation is influenced by three factors: expectancy (belief that effort will lead to success), instrumentality (belief that performance will lead to results), and valence (an individual's value placed on outcomes). 4. Self-Determination Theory This theory suggests that individuals are motivated by their need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Self-determination theory states that individuals are most motivated when they feel a sense of choice and control over their actions, when they feel competent in their abilities, and when they feel connected to others. 5. Goal Setting Theory This theory suggests that individuals are motivated by setting and achieving goals. Goal-setting theory states that specific and challenging goals lead to higher levels of performance and motivation, and that feedback and recognition are important factors in goal achievement. These are just a few examples of the most important motivational theories in psychology. Each theory has a different view of human motivation, and researchers continue to explore and refine these theories to better understand the complexities of human motivation. Theory of Emotions Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that are central to the human experience. Psychologists have developed many theories to explain the nature and function of emotions. Here are some of the most important theories of emotion in psychology: 1. James-Lange Theory This theory suggests that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body that the individual observes. According to this theory, emotions are a secondary response to bodily changes that occur in response to a stimulus. 2. Cannon-Bard Theory This theory suggests that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously but independently of each other. According to this theory, a stimulus triggers a physiological response and an emotional response at the same time. 3. Schachter-Singer Theory This theory suggests that emotions are the result of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. According to this theory, the intensity of physiological arousal can be misattributed to an emotional state based on an individual's cognitive interpretation of the situation. 4. Lazarus' Cognitive Appraisal Theory This theory suggests that emotions are the result of a person's evaluation of a situation. According to this theory, emotions are not directly caused by a stimulus, but rather by an individual's interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus in relation to his goals and values. 5. Facial Feedback Theory This theory suggests that facial expressions play an important role in experiencing and expressing emotions. According to this theory, facial expressions associated with different emotions can influence the emotional experience itself. These are just a few examples of major theories about psychology. Each theory has a different nature and function of thought, and scientists continue to explore and refine these theories to better understand the complexities of thought.