THE NATURAL NATURE OF PAIN AND PAIN MANAGEMENT AND INCONVENIENCE A. Basic definition and understanding of Pain Although pain is not a constant occurrence, the reality is that we live with it pain. Pain is also interpreted medically and psychologically, which can also lead to understanding differs between patients & medical practitioners/health care providers. The experience of pain is important for several reasons. Painis a sensory & emotional experience of discomfort, which generally associated with tissue damage & real irritation. Pain influenced by the context of how the pain is experienced, culture, gender. Stress and psychological distress exacerbates the experience of pain. Pain measurement includes verbal and behavioral reports of pain. B. Dimensions and Physiology of Pain Organic vs Psychogenic pain Pain disorders:persistent hard/severe pain, but not found physiological factors/causes Referred pain:the phenomenon of a complex picture of pain, which originates from internal organs or other parts of the body, which are often felt above the skin C-fibers(one type of peripheral nerve fiber) → influences aspects of motivation and affection from pain.Cerebral cortex→ cognitive assessment process regarding evaluation & the meaning of pain. Sensation, intensity, duration of pain mutually influence the pain itself, which affects the presence of discomfort & emotional relatedness, which continues mmli Structure limbic&thalamusgoing tocortex. C. Theories of Pain Early 1900s:Pain ismechanistic process. a.Specificity theory :There is a separate sensory system & area to receive taste b.Pattern theory :There is no separate system or area for receiving pain. Receptors to receive pain, shared with other senses. The gate-control theory of pain : pain is an integration between 1960s Physiological & Psychological Mechanisms of Individual Experience of Pain. D. Clinical Issues in Pain Management Types of chronic pain 1.Chronic benign pain: occurs all the time in 6 months or more, intensity varies, tends to be a harmless/not serious condition 2.Recurrent acute pain: short-lived episodes of pain of an acute character, but it happened more than 6 months ago 3.Chronic progressive pain: It lasts more than 6 months & gets worse as time goes on increasing time Acute pain VS chronic pain - Intensity & inability to “function” properly, becomes an indicator of transition to feeling chronic pain. Chronic pain has an impact on the individual's lifestyle, such as: behavior related to pain, work, social interactions (environment, friends, family, partner hdp), inclpersonal goals. - “Pain- prone personality”=description/relationship of personality factors as predisposition to an individual's experience of pain. Individual psychological profile with taste Pain has an important role in assisting the intervention/treatment process. - The following are pain control techniques: - Drugs - Operation - Sensory control-counterirritation - Biofeedback - Relaxation techniques - Hypnosis - Acupuncture - Distraction - Coping techniques - Guided imagery - Cognitive-behavioral techniques E. Pain Management Program The following is a series of pain management programs, namely: 1. Initial evaluation 2. Individual treatment 3. Program parts/components 4. Family involvement 5.Relapse prevention 6. Program evaluation