SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS RELATED TO HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH The role of behavior on health has become a concern in many countries throughout world Research shows adults with a “healthy lifestyle” (exercising, a lot consume fruit and vegetables, don't smoke and don't drink too much hard) life expectancy is 12 years longer than people with this lifestyle not healthy. Healthy behavior is any activity that can improve health There are many factors that determine healthy behavior al.: gender, sociocultural, and age. INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE IN PREVENTING DISEASE PRIMARY PREVENTION Is action taken to avoid illness and injury (ex: using seat belts, diet, immunizations, etc.) SECONDARY PREVENTION Is an action to identify and provide action against disease or injury so that it does not progress to serious illness or injury (eg: examination hearing and vision in schools, blood pressure checks) TERTIARY PREVENTION Is an action to reduce damage, prevent helplessness and rehabilitation (ex: physical exercise and administering medication to reduce pain for arthritis sufferers) PROBLEMS FACED IN EFFORTS TO IMPROVE HEALTH Factors within the individual Namely the long-standing conflict within an individual between healthy behavior and unhealthy behavior, because the expected impact is not immediately visible Interpersonal factors Namely the influence of the people around the individual so that efforts to improving health is hindered. Factors in society People will be more likely to adopt healthy behavior if healthy behavior is promoted by community organizations, government agencies Determining Factors Health-Related Behaviors Heredity, seen in alcoholism Through the learning process (in operant conditioning there is reinforcement, extinction, punishment). You can also learn from the models you see. Social factors (influence from other people) Personality, people with a conscientiousness personality (obedient, full of planning, like organizing) tend to implement healthy behavior. Emotionally, people who feel very stressed (high stress levels) tend to be less likes to exercise, unable to diet, smokes and drinks alcohol Perception of symptoms determines the actions taken Cognition. Correct knowledge about the disease will determine which steps appropriate THE ROLE OF BELIEFS AND INTENTIONS The Health Belief Model The likelihood of a person taking preventive action is determined by two judgments, namely (1) feelings of threat to health conditions and (2) assessment of the benefits and obstacles obtained or faced if healthy behavior is carried out (amount = benefits – obstacles) There are three factors that influence feelings of threat, namely:  Serious feelings about health problems  Feelings of vulnerability to health problems  Cue for action DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS, GENDER, AND SOCIOCULTURAL IN HEALTH Development Biological, psychological and social factors determine changes in a person's health its life span. Gender The life expectancy of women is 4 – 6 years longer than men, this is related with : - Physiological reactions (when experiencing stress, blood pressure in men is higher than in women) - The hormone estrogen in women plays a role in delaying heart disease - Men prefer to smoke than women - Men prefer to drink alcohol and eat unhealthy food - Men don't like consulting doctors - The work environment for men is harsher Sociocultural Factors Socioeconomic differences relate to income, employment, and education. The health conditions of people in lower socio-economic classes are worse in comparison with the health conditions of high socio-economic class people. - low body weight at birth - Died as an infant or child - Shows signs of cardiovascular disease at an early age - Poor health care results in various illnesses in adulthood - Experiencing a lot of life stress - Individuals from the lower class have poor health habits, they prefer to smoke, do not like to exercise, lack diet, and have less knowledge about disease. They don't like looking for information about health in the mass media