Stress and Health - Lecture Note

STRESS AND HEALTH A. Stressors, Strains And Transactions It is a stimulus • Events of environmental origin, which are physically and psychologically challenging Individual reactions to stress • Reactions in the form of psychological and physiological reactions Processes that include stressors, strains and links between individuals and the environment • A process that is continuous and undergoes a process of adjustment. When individuals face a stressor, it will cause a psychological reaction as well as physiological, which is also based on how the individual views it to these stressors, the individual's adjustment to the environment, which involves factors within the individual such as personality, experience, education and so on. Thus, the stressor is the same across individuals different, can cause different levels of stress. Stress conditions are divided into two types, namely good stress conditions, namelyeustress ,And stressful conditions that tend to have an impact on performance or poor personal condition individual i.edistress.Stressexplained as a condition occurring becausestressor that is a stimulus (can be an event, situation) that is stressful or stressful, which challenges individuals physically or psychologically is stressor Which The same thing can certainly cause the same conditions/levels of stress in people different? The answer is no. This is greatly influenced by how individual approach tostressor, as well as factors related to the individual and the environment. This is also what plays a role in the individual when face stress or that is fight(face stressor) or flights(avoid stressor). Reactions that can be caused by stress are physical reactions (beating increased heart rate, muscle tension, headaches) as well as psychological reactions (thought patterns, emotional condition. B. Stress Theories 1. Fight or flight There is a change in physiological reactions when facing a threat, encourage individuals to attack or flee from threats or stressor. 2. General Adaptation Syndrome Consists of three (3) phases based on Selye's theory, namely: a.Alarm:the immediate phase of an individual's reaction when facing a threat or demands b.Stages of resistance: is the body's adaptation phase to a stressor faced, if the stressful condition continues c.Stages of exhaustion:the phase of occurrence of a condition of prolonged stress, which affects the decrease in the body's resistance to stress, has an impact on decreased body resistance 3. Tend and be Friend -Responding to stressful conditions through social relationships and parenting behavior (children) - An increase in the hormone oxytocin stimulates an increase in the hormone estrogen, which can increase affiliate behavior (behavior related to social interaction) 4. Psychological adjustment and experience of stress a.Primary appraisal processes, is a condition felt by the individual when facing an environment that has the potential to cause stress, such as symptoms of illness, assessing the meaning and situation for one's own good the individual concerned. Primary appraisal processesincludes:Harm, Threat, Challenge b.Secondary appraisal processes: is an adequate coping strategy for handle primary processes,or in other words, it is an individual assessment regarding adequate resources to overcome stressful conditions. 5. Physiological Conditions for Stress - Activation of the sympathetic nerve, namely the cortex to the hypothalamus to respon Stress conditions, sympathetic nerves go to the adrenal glands and secretions catecholamines, epinephrine and norephinephrine HPA activation, namely: the pituitary gland secretes hormones and prolactin, to respond to stress until it can finally function well - Allostatic Load : refers to the existence of fluctuating body conditions, due to interactions to the demands of stressful conditions Measuring the stress conditions experienced by individuals can be measured through several ways likeself-report, life changes experienced,emotional distress, behavior, as well as physiological measurements. There are several stimulus characteristics that can be: causing stress are negative events, ambiguous events, events that are not controlled, and excessive load. C. Individual Adaptation to Stress 1. Psychological adaptation a. Organisms or individuals may exhibit long-term tension or accustomed to stressful conditions b. Most individuals can adapt to low to low levels of stress currently 2. Physiological adaptation a. Habituation stimulates HPA secretion, when stressful conditions are experienced b. Habituation can lead to impaired recovery from disorders cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, immune system, increased risk of developing cardiovascular disorders, especially in middle age/adulthood intermediate/midlife,when experiencing chronic stress The anticipation for stress is: - As far as possible, anticipate stressors before they become conditions stressful (pressure condition) - Post-stress effects: Individuals who are instressful prolonged, will tends to show resistance when encountering condition sstressful the new one D. Sources of Chronic Stress 1. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) a. Childhood sexual abuse, rape, riots, and similar things other b. Even though it doesn't have an impact on long-term PTSD, it can still be stressful have a negative impact on physical and psychological functioning 2. Long-Term Effects of Early Life Experiences a. “Families at risk” b. Poor stress regulation system,poor health habits 3. ConditionStressful Chronic a. Living impoverished, bad relationships, high stress jobs b. Contribution to pain physiologically andpsychological distress 4. Chronic Stress & Health a. Poverty, experiencing crime, low socioeconomic status (SES). b. High risk to health, various psychological disorders 5. Stress at Work a. Working in a sitting position for long periods of time, overload , condition role ambiguity and conflict, social relationships b. Control, unemployment, results or other impacts on work 6. Role Dualism a. The role of workers and family, women in various roles, attitudes protective as a result of “many roles” b. Men have various roles, which can have an impact on stressful conditions experienced by children and adolescents