Asthma, Epilepsy, Hypertension, and Diabetes Mellitus

CHRONIC DISEASES A. Asthma 1. Physiology, Causes and Effects of Asthma Respiratory disorders which include an episode of respiratory disturbance, resulting from the occurrence of obstruction & inflammation of the respiratory tract. An asthma episode begins when the body's immune system reacts to an allergic symptom, produces antibodies that affect the throat vessels and body tissues others to removeHistamine. The cause of asthma is not known for certain. Generally, asthma occurs due to the conditions mentioned with triggers. Triggers :personal factors, environmental conditions, physical activity. Factors that influence the emergence of asthma: - Heredity is related to the level of severity & several triggers History of respiratory infections Direct contact with cigarette smoke 2. Medical Rules for Asthma Three (3) components of medical rules for asthma, namely: 1.Avoid known triggers 53 2.Medications(acute asthma) : Bronchodilators(opens the respiratory tract) & Anti inflammation(prevent asthma attacks) 3.Exercise 3. Psychosocial Factors of Asthma - Stress & negative emotions contribute to the emergence & worsening of asthma - Asthma causes emotional distress in itself - Coping strategies such as: acceptance, reappraisal, tend to improve function lungs - It is not known exactly how psychosocial factors work to influence this the occurrence of asthma attacks & which factors are more influential in individuals with asthma. - The rate and incidence of maladjustment is greater in individuals with asthma than in those No. - The impact of psychosocial factors on individuals with asthma depends on the level of severity, treatment compliance, family. B. Epilepsy 1. Understanding A chronic condition characterized by recurrent and sudden seizures (epileptic seizures), as a result of electrical impulse disturbances in thecerebral cortex. The common form of seizures experienced is calledtonic-clonicorgrand-mall.Factor risk of epilepsy: individuals with a history of similar conditions, severe head injuries, and injuries or other brain disorders such as cerebral palsy, stroke, Alzheimer's. - Tonic-clonic: Tonic:phase of loss of consciousness, stiff body Clonic:phase 2 to 3 minutes later the muscle spasms - Aura:initial conditions before experiencingtonic-clonicsuch as: sounds that cannot be heard described, smells, or other sensations - Mild seizure form: blank stare for a few seconds, then showing a little or partial spasm of the face 2. Rules for Treatment of Epilepsy - Drug anti colvusant - Treatment is carried out continuously to control seizures - Another method: implantation of tools to stimulatevagal nerve(if damage is found neurology clearly) Actions that can be taken to deal with individuals with epilepsy are: - Prevent injury from falls. If possible, provide a pillow or small mattress - Do not put any objects in your mouth - Do not restrain the body of an individual with epilepsy (let it free) - If you don't wake up within five (5) minutes, immediately call an ambulance - Once the individual with epilepsy wakes up, tell them what happened 3. Psychosocial Factors in Epilepsy Through two (2) things, namely: 1. Emotional impulses such as anxiety, may increase the likelihood and the severity of the epileptic episode 2. Poor adjustment to epilepsy, especially when epileptic episodes are frequent and serious C. Hypertension 1. Understanding - Is a chronic disease that occurs as a result of disorders of the circulatory system, namely excess blood supply through the blood vessels. - Hypertension is often unknown to individuals, because there are no specific symptoms showed. - Hypertension is known by measuring systolic and diastolic blood Causes of hypertension Idiopathic Essential Hypertension • Allows long life • Genetic & environmental influences Secondary Hypertension • Hypertension due to other organ disorders, for example kidney problems 3. Risk and psychosocial factors for hypertension include: - Descendants - Diet and salt intake - Age - Cholesterol - Obesity - Cigarette - Stress - Personality (especially suppressed anger) D. Diabetes Mellitus 1. Definition and Types of Diabetes Mellitus - One of the endocrine diseases characterized by abnormalities metabolism in the body due to increased blood glucose levels as a result Insufficient amount of insulin in the body or the effects of insulin resistance - Excess blood glucose in the blood over a long period, which causes it happened hyperglycemia. - Hypoglycemia VS Hyperglycemia - Hypoglycemia:a sudden reaction due to excess insulin resulting in a decrease in levels blood sugar increases, for example: skin turns pale & wet, breathing becomes more rapid & short, wet tongue & feels numb, experiencing feelings of restlessness, anxiety, confused, & will become hungry & will probably feel pain. -Hyperglycemia:Excessive sugar content can be detected in urine. More gradual reactions such as: skin tends to be reddish & dry, tongue feels dry, difficult to take a deep breath, vomiting can occur, feeling... sleepy or lazy, often feeling thirsty rather than hungry The types of diabetes mellitus are: a. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus): lack insulin or Beta cells in the pancreas fail to produce insulin. Generally occurs in childhood or adolescence (occurs in 5 to 10% case) b. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: insufficient amount of insulin produced or the presence of insulin resistance. Generally occurs after the age of 40 years. 2. Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Rules It is important that DM management rules are carried out appropriately and in a disciplined manner, because they can attacks all organs of the body DM management rules, such as: medical treatment, diet, exercise, examination routine, weight management