Attribution Attribution is something that is placed as the cause of a certain behavior. What is Attribution? Attribution Function To understand people from what they have done. Attribution theories - Attribution theory(Fritz Heider) Strong motive to form a complete understanding and control the environment. So humans need to predict the environment (including each other) - perceive the environment. - Correspondence inference theory(Jones & Davis): Does individual behavior depend on personal/situational characteristics. - Dispositional attribution: a type of personal attribution. - Situational attribution: external and environmental types of attribution - Covariation theory(Kelley) - Consistency, uniqueness/specificity, consensus - Discounting principle: certain causes are greater than other causes. Attribution Scheme - Preconceptions or stereotypes - Prototypes (examples of characteristics -Uses:Survival skills Emotional Effects of Attribution: How do we explain someone's behavior affects how we react to it? -Attribution Bias in the attribution process o Fundamental attributional error (Ross) o Halloeffectvscontext Actor-observer effects: differ due to different access to information -False consensus o Areourthoughtsthesameasotherpeople'sthoughts? o Conformity? Social comparison theory (perception vs reality)? oFalse uniqueness effect, namely the influence of skills and abilities unique; attitudes and opinions: false consensus. o Self-servingattributionbias(Miller&Ross):rejectfailureorlookforscapegoats, and/or praise oneself when successful -Origin of attribution bias...! -Heuristics (cognitive shortcuts), salience over background, goals. Next, motivational and cognitive needs, to accuracy in assessment. Individuals are more accurate when judging based on external characteristics, for example: judging personality? - Accuracy is influenced by perception, personal characteristics, consistency and recognition of individual emotions. -In 1972, Dr. Paul Ekmanidentified 6 basic types of emotions in humans, which in its development detected 1 more common emotional expression,namely: happy, surprised, afraid, sad, angry, disgusted and undervalued. -Next, cultural rules (cultural display rules) also contributes to bias in individual or group attributions. Cultural differences in expressing emotions, so that each culture will have different abilities in assessing certain emotions. Perception and motivation: - Goal: perception depends on what a person's goal is in interacting with other people. For example: when meeting people at the bus stop or meeting new college friends, what type of information is used? - Emotional and cognitive state of the perceiver: the individual's emotional and mental state influences the focus of the information obtained to form perception.