According to Armstrong (2001), “Training is a systematic process of knowledge, skills, and attitudes given by an individual to perform accurately to a given task or job”.
Merriam-Webster dictionary (2014), The term ‘training' indicates the process of planned programs and procedures undertaken for the improvement of an employee’s performance in terms of his attitude, skills, knowledge, and behavior. These training and development programs can significantly improve the overall performance of the organization. Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one’s capability, capacity, productivity, and performance. It forms the core of trainees and provides the backbone of the content of the organization. In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation, or profession, observers of the labor market recognize the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life.
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According to the Morrill Act of (1862) the concept of ROTC in the United States began with the established colleges. The college from which ROTC originated is Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont. Norwich was founded in 1819 in Norwich, Vermont, as the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy. The university was founded by former West Point instructor Captain Alden Partridge who promoted the idea of a ‘’citizen soldier’’- a man trained to act in a military capacity when his/her nation required, but capable of fulfilling a civilian function in peacetime. This idea eventually led to the formation of Reservist and National Guards units with regimented training in place of local militia forces.
Another root of the modern ROTC programs comes from the ‘’Plattsburg Idea’’. In 1915 Major General Leonard Wood instituted the Citizens Military Training Corps, the first series of training camps to make officers out of civilians. For the first time in history, an attempt was made to provide a condensed course of training and commissioning competent reserve line officers after only a summer of military training. Over 5,000 men arrived at Plattsburgh in May 1917, for the first of the large training corps. By the end of 1917, over 17,000 men had been trained. Now by the eve of its entry into World War One, the US had a prepared corps of officers including one of the earliest Plattsburgh graduates, Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
Until the 1960s, many major universities required compulsory ROTC for all of their male students. However, because of the protest that culminated in the opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, compulsory ROTC was dropped in favor of voluntary programs. In some places, ROTC was expelled from campus altogether, although it was always possible to participate in off-campus ROTC. In the 21st century, the debate often focuses on the Congressional Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell law, signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 1993, and in force until 2011, which forbade homosexuals serving in the United States military from disclosing their sexual orientation at the risk of expulsion.
Some schools believed this legal mandate would require them to waive or amend their non-discrimination policies. In recent years, concerted efforts are being made at some Ivy League universities that have previously banned ROTC, including Columbia, to return ROTC to campus. The Harvard ROTC program was reinstated effective March 4, 2011, following the enactment of the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010. Under current law, there are three types of ROTC programs administered, each with a different element. (1) the first is the programs at the six senior military colleges, also known as military schools. This institution grants baccalaureate degrees (at a minimum) and organizes all or some of its students into a corps of cadets under some sort of military discipline. Those participating in the cadet program must attend at least 2 years of ROTC education (2) the second program’’ civilian colleges.’’ As defined under Army regulations, these are schools that grant baccalaureate or graduate degrees and are not operated on a military basis; (3) the third category is the programs at military junior colleges (MJC). These are military schools that provide junior college education (typically A.S. or A.A. degrees).
During the Vietnam War, the requirement to complete one bachelor's degree was not in effect. Therefore, upon commissioning, lieutenants went straight unto active duty. One difference between civilian colleges and the senior or junior military is the enrollment option in ROTC. ROTC is voluntary for students attending civilian colleges and universities; however, with few exceptions (as outlined in both Army regulations and federal law), it is required of students attending senior and junior military colleges. Another major difference between senior military colleges and civilian colleges is that under federal law, graduates of the SMCs are guaranteed active duty assignments if requested.
Reserve Officers Training Corps in South Korea is a college-based officer training program that was established in 1961. South Koreas Conscription Law applies to males, aged between 18 and although women are allowed to enroll in the ROTC as of 2010. Applicants to the ROTC program go through a screening process; a written exam, interview and health examination, and a background check. Once accepted, members undergo actual military pieces of training during school holidays. After commissioning, they serve for two and a half years; an individual may choose to extend his or her service past the required period in pursuit of an active military career.
Reserve Officers Training Corps in Taiwan is based on the Reserve Officers Training Corps program of the United States. The proposed training regimen consisted of three to four additional hours of military courses each week aside from university classes. During the winter vacation, students were to attend a one- or two-week boot camp and in the summer, they would undergo six weeks of military training. The Ministry of National Defense provides three years of financial aid for the rank of second lieutenant; they then proceed with specialized military training. ROTC graduates are required to serve in the military for five years, after which they are free to rejoin civilian life. They may also elect to remain in the military as career officers. Other developments as of 2001, the Taiwan ROTC program was only available for college students aiming to join the Army. By 2009, the Ministry of Education has reduced the number of ROTC courses at the National Taiwan University, considering the program a symbol of autocracy. Despite this, the ROTC program remains popular among Taiwanese college students.
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