This term IoT is used to represent smart objects connected to the Internet. Scope of this concept is widening beyond just machine to machine communication. IoT will definitely make impact of the Internet more intimate in daily life. It is network of networks which utilizes electronic devices such as sensors and actuators to fulfill its purpose which results in optimum performance of the system. Peter. T. Lewis introduced the term ‘Internet of things’ first time in 1985. According to him it is integration of process, technology with connectable device, sensors and people. It can be used to enable remote monitoring and evaluation of trends of smart devices. MIT’s Auto CAD center gave IoT more popularity in the year of 1999.Use of IoT is growing rapidly. There has been linking of various technologies like machine learning, cloud computing, real time analytics. To enable IoT there is much more contribution of wireless sensor networks, automation and traditional fields of embedded systems.
Trends
Sensors
Sensor is an electronic entity which is used for measuring physical properties. To minimize the logic circuits and make our system more efficient sensors can be used. Wireless sensor network is an important concept which is now used in various fields. Its purpose is to provide output based on environment parameter sensing. Heterogeneous wireless sensors are capable of measuring water level, water, soil moisture and temperature etc. Wireless sensor network performs the activity of collecting real time environmental data by sensing and then passing it to the server.
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Network Function Virtualization
Network function virtualization is a novel concept which provides automated control and management of network resources. NFV enabled IoT architecture is highly scalable and it leverages the benefits of NFV on traditional IoT. This architecture is evaluated in modern, innovative operating room environments called Operating Room Innovation Center (OPIC). To connect both sensors and controllers RESTful web services are used for designing of this architecture. This architecture is working in an environment where IoT devices are connected via IoT gateways.
IoT, IoE and IoNT
Many people have misconception that the Internet of things and the Internet of everything are same concepts. Analysis of the Internet of things, the Internet of everything and the Internet of nano things clearly differentiates these concepts. These approaches include the Internet into various societal and personal applications. By observing the relevant literature review we examined the current status and various applications of these concepts.
The Internet of everything consists of four major parts as people, things, data and process. It also expands industrial and business processes to enhance lives of people. Independent devices are connected to each other with the help of the Internet of everything. The Internet of everything is not more about ‘things’, but it is about ‘connections among people, processes, data and things’. IoE helps to achieve economic as well as social goals. Automated and people-based processes are used by IoE to extract and analyze real time data from millions of sensors connected to it. Applications of IoE are achieved by connecting ‘everything’ online.
Cities are going to have most positive impact and they are going to be most benefited in terms of using information intelligence to address city specific concerns. IoE along with big data processing will be having more impact as cities become smart cities. In future public-private partnership is going to help to enhance living conditions of the citizens.
The concept of IoE is being fully extended to its fullest by the implementation of the Internet of nano things. Nano sensors and nano networks are two important concepts in Internet of nano things.
Smart Objects and Smart Environment
Smart objects and smart environments are the two important concepts related to the Internet of things. Smart objects are nothing but physical objects in which sensors, network topology, data storage systems are embedded. Core component of IoT is the ability of smart objects to communicate effectively with their environment. Smart environment is the concept which emphasizes physical extent to which smart objects are interacting and deployed. Large number of organizations across academia, industry is working on IoT.
Storage Management Considerations
There is requirement to concentrate on storage capacity as well as whether business can use IoT data in efficient manner.
People and Process Consideration
Security complexity is going to increase with the deployment of various smart devices. This is going to have impact on personal safety, availability requirements.
Consumer Privacy Considerations
Huge amount of user related data provides information on users’ personal use of devices, if this information is not secured, will result in breach in security. This issue is becoming challenging as the generated information by IoT is the key to bring better services.
Server Investment Considerations
The effect of IoT on the server market will be focused on expenditure in key industries and their related organizations where IoT can be beneficial.
Storage Management Consideration
Many industries are facing problem with increased digitization and automation of several devices which are deployed across various regions of modern urban environment.
Market Size
Gartner forecasted that up to 2020 there are going to be 26 billion units installed and suppliers of IoT devices and services will generate revenue more than $300 billion. Businesses are looking forward to IoT. Cisco described the Internet of everything as IoT combined with more traditional devices. Cisco forecasted that by 2020 more than 5 million people will be connected.
Bandwidth Consideration
Data transmission speeds are becoming critical issue, to connect and sustain this interconnected world. As per the moderate bandwidth requirement existing data center WAN links are designed. IoT ensures to change these patterns by transferring huge amount of sensor data to data center which increases inbound data center bandwidth.
Standardization
In order for different devices to communicate standardization is very crucial part. Some of the important standardization bodies and their standards are IETF, 3GPP, IEEE, OMA, OGC, W3C web of things. There is need of future work in the standardization in the area of IoT platform.
Architecture of IoT
The basic architecture of IoT can be considered to be consisting of things which are connected to IoT platform through gateway or the connection can be direct. This connection depends on the ability of the thing. If the thing consists of sensor, data readings are sent to IoT platform. IoT platform is usually located in cloud. IoT applications which are present in cloud can use collected data to provide applications to end user. To use this system end user can either use phone or computer.
Things are integrated through software which is known as IoT platform. Its task is collection, consolidation and analytics of data. IoT application developers use services provided by IoT platform.
Different microcontrollers, such as Arduino, Galileo, are used for sensors. The price of such devises is very much low. These devises can be connected to gateways by using wired communication, wireless communication, mobile network, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi etc. Gateway is usually connected to cloud using broadband access.
Challenges of IoT
Network Security
Network security has become very important issue in recent years. There is possibility of very high security risk due to increase in the use of devises for accessing corporate network. The Network of things is new concept which explains science behind the Internet of things. There are important primitive building blocks of IoT, which helps to get insight into the Internet of things.
Standards
Lack of standards can have major impact on working of IoT devices. Poorly designed and configured networking devices can have negative effect to the network resources they connect to. In the future there is need of thoughtful design and standardization of configuration of tools.
Power Needed to Supply the Sensors
If you want IoT to be deployed successfully there is requirement of supplying reliable power to the sensors. It becomes major concern, if these sensors are deployed at remote or distant locations such as in space or underground.
Applications of IoT
Most important applications of IoT are e-health, transportation, manufacturing; industrial supply and provisioning, security, precision agriculture etc. network and processing requirements are different for different applications. For example, to prevent chain of accidents on road it is very crucial to have low latency communication between vehicles, this will provide road safety. In other example, in surveillance area you are required to have enough bandwidth for video streaming.
E-Health
IoT is helpful to doctors for real time location services. Medical equipment like wheelchairs, scales, pumps can be attached with sensors and easily located. In case of medical emergency real time monitoring via connected device can save lives. With the help of smart mobile apps patients can contact doctors in case of emergency.
Connected Cars
It is a vehicle which can upgrade its own operations, maintenance and comfort of passengers using Internet connectivity and onboard sensors. Popular brands like apple, google, BMW are working on bringing next revolution in automobiles. Driverless cars do not have drivers and are sensible enough to take you to destination on their own.
Smart Homes
It is one of the most popular examples of IoT. It is designed to provide more convenience and security. Controlling lights of home by remote, turning on or off-air conditioner from remote location or recording your favorite movie and watching it later are some of the concepts related to smart homes.
Smart Traffic Surveillance
IoT supported by RFID tags and sensors can track the vehicles. Tracking the vehicles which violate traffic regulations, accident and emergency identification and alert, speed limit alert, parking identification are some of the examples of smart traffic surveillance.
IoT in Agriculture
Demand for food is increasing with increase in population. To increase food production governments are helping farmers with advanced technologies. Smart farming is one of the best choices in agricultural field. To yield better return farmers are using meaningful insights from data. Some of the basic uses of IoT include controlling water usage for plant growth soil moisture and nutrients sensing.
Smart Retail
There is increasing demand of IoT in retail sector. To improvise the in-store experience of the customers, IoT provides opportunity to retailers to get connected with them. Smart phones are one of the best options for retailers to remain connected with customers even out of store.
Conclusion
This paper has presented recent trends in IoT, challenges to IoT and applications of IoT. Companies are thinking on introducing IoT in business. Here we explained recent developments and research in the field of IoT. Different government sectors are also working on different projects using IoT. While implementing IoT solutions, we have to consider security loopholes and these security issues are required to be taken care of. The most important part of IoT is sensors, and knowing different types of sensors and knowing their applications, we will be able to use it in various fields.
References
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