The dominant movement of individuals within the mega-deltas of Tamil Nadu is from agriculture-dominated rural areas to urban settlements, driven by growing opportunities, but leading to new human development challenges.Human development can be viewed as the process of achieving optimum slevels of health and well being. The main goal of this article is to identify the factors related to the decision to migrate taken by economic outcome. Despite an outsized growth in domestic and international migration and remittances in recent decades, there are limited works that systematically identify and establish interactions between internal and international migration. The main reasons for poverty, unemployment debt due to failure in agriculture due to the lack of rains, more employment opportunities in the destination place and they set more jobs and a handsome salary which leads to improvement of the living conditions. This paper analyzed the effects of international migration and remittances on the human-capital investment behavior of rural–urban migrant households. In-depth interviews were conducted from the respondents for the Collection of data. The preliminary study show that migration has left deep social economic impacts on life standards of families left behind in kumbakonam. As a result, there is large scale endues of the farmer from CDZ to the neighboring state of Kerala and another country.
Migration is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility between geographical unit and another, generally involving a change in residence from the place of origin or place of departure to the place of destination or place of arrival. Such migration is called permanent migration and should be distinguished from other forms of movements, which do not involve a permanent change of residence. Prabakar and Sitadevi explain the various reasons quoted for labor scarcity in agriculture,. The higher wages in other locally available jobs was ranked, first because the higher wages rate prevailing in the non-agricultural works like machineries, carpentry, electrical men and plumbing works, which are locally available attract the labors. To explain Low income, increasing price, decreasing purchasing power are the most important economic factors that influence migration decision. More and more people are getting higher education, and after that, to make life more luxuries and satisfactory, they move to big cities to search good jobs with higher wages.
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Migration is a very selective process. Migration is not for a pleasure. Migration is not merely the physical movements of individuals and groups involve a lot of strain in their social, economic, cultural and other aspect of life. It is a subject of keen interest not only to the demographers but also to sociologist, anthropologist, economist and political scientist movements of people, specially rural people from the land to the cities, from one country to another and from one continent to another is an international phenomenon and not a phenomenon of modern times. It concerns not only developing countries but also those which are highly industrialized and affects not only the more or capitalized countries but also the socialist change of the move or open the voluntary and involuntary nature of the act and destination. Is made between external and internal migration. Mayer Fort has distinguished between mobility while represents movement within boundaries and migration in which person cross countries cap low states that the migration is strictly speaking a change of residence and need not necessarily involve any change of occupational but is closely associated with occupational shifts of one kind or another. Human development can be viewed as the process of achieving optimum levels of health and well being. It includes physicals biological, mental, emotional, social educational, economic, and culture components. Only some of these are expected at birth, adult literacy rate and mean years of schooling, and income as measured by real gross domestic product per capita. the study that economic remittances from their working abroad fathers are enabling the children to have better education as a majority of them are studying in private English medium schools. Due to the absence of their fathers at home, children have become self-reliant, independent and courageous. The massive global attention paid to cash remittances over the past decade has provided an extremely solid evidence base for understanding remitting behaviour at international, regional and national levels.
Human migration is movements by humans from one district to another, sometimes over long distance or in large groups. The movement of population in modern times has continued under the from of both voluntary migration within ones region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration people who migrate are called migrants, or more specifically, emigrants, immigrants, or settles depending on historical setting, circumstance and perspective. In December 2003 the Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) was launched with the support of KofiAnan and several countries, with an independent 19 member’s commission, three fold mandates and a finite life spent, ending December 2005. its report, based on regional consulting meetings with state holders and scientific reports form leading international migration experts, was published and president to United Nations (UN) Secretary General KofiAnnan on 5 October 2005.Thompson and Lewis say, whether Roman settlement directly affected the wider distribution of population in Europe is not known. However it seems more likely to have in created the density of population in areas of settlement than to have led soon to the settlement of the new areas. According to Pratikshya Bobra and Massey, in terms of human capital effect as well as economic development, results are consistent with neo-classical precepts. In terms of physical capital and economic development, results are consistent with the new economic of labor migration; and as always, we find strong effects of social capital and migration-specific human capital This could be explained by Harris-Todaro model of expectations of high earnings in the destination area as opposed to the current area of residence. Higher earnings are correlated with higher education and as such those individuals with higher education will want to move to areas that they expect to receive higher earnings. On the contrary, those with no education will also want to migrate and this could be explained by the expected job opportunities that are perceived to exist in the urban areas Harris, J.R. and Todaro, M.P. This paper analyzed the effects of international migration and remittances on the human-capital investment behavior of rural–urban migrant households. Chakra Pani Acharya & Roberto Leon-Gonzalez The results also suggest that in both delta regions remittances have a significant positive effect on household well-being in the source rural areas, including overall income, investments in health, food security and access to sanitation.
The study has been conducted in the Cauvery Delta Zone Tamil nadu in Thanjavur district for the year 2020, where paddy is the major crop rotation. The paddy belt was purposively chosen as the major agricultural operations like transplanting of paddy, harvesting in paddy, spraying of pesticides, etc. are performed mainly by migrant laborers. From this zone, Fourteen Block out of majority agricultural labor in kumbakonam Block and 106 panchayat village in out of majority agricultural labor from 7 villages, one from each ten (15)selected using migrant laborers were interviewed making a total sample of 105 respondents. The data from selected respondents were collected by personal interview method using a specially designed schedule.
All respondent migrants were classified into two groups, viz. short-term migrants and long-term migrants. Migration during peak agricultural season being a common feature in the state, all persons who come to Kumbakonam Block only during peak periods and return to their native places within the same year, were considered as short-term migrants. Persons working permanently with farmers on a yearly contract or year after- year contract and visit their native place occasionally for a few days, were considered as long-term migrants. Thus, the sample was comprised of 76 long-term and 29 short-term migrants.
Simple statistical tools like averages, percentages, etc. were used in the study. The existence of difference between the wage rates for various agricultural operations for local and migrated laborers. The results have been discussed under various subheads: Socio-economic Profile of Respondents The distribution of in-migrants according to their socio-economic background has been discussed under various heads
According to the socio-economic profile of the respondents, 59.2 per cent of the long-term migrants and 65.6 per cent of the short-term migrants were in the age group of 21-40 years, while 32.9 per cent and 17.2 per cent were in the age group of 0-20 years, respectively. Thus, the number of migrants was more in 21-40 years age group because it is the preferred age-segment by employers because laborers in this group can undertake agricultural operations. Also, this age group has to should majority of the social and domestic responsibilities. The percentage of over-forty years laborers was small, only 10.5 per cent of the respondents.
The gender wise majority 84.2percent of the respondents were of male migrant in long-term and short-term male migrants in 62.1 percent. The majority of female migrant in 37.9 percent of the respondents were short-term and long-term female migrants in 15.8 percent.
The caste wise majority 40.8 of the respondents were of schedule caste category in both long-term and short-term in 20.8 percent migrants. While Backrward caste majority 31 percent in short term migrant and long term migrant in 30.2 percent. As far as the religion of the long-term and short-term migrants was concerned, nearly 75 per cent of the respondents belonged to the Hindu religion, While Christian majority 13.8 percent in short term migrant and long term migrant in 7.9 percent.
The illiteracy of migrants was an important factor which gave impetus to migration, as revealed by the study. Among long-term migrants, 65.8 per cent were illiterate, 25 per cent had studied up to the primary level, 6 per cent up to middle standard and metric level. There were 58.6 per cent illiterates among short-term migrants, while 20.7 per cent had studied up to the middle standard and 13.8 per cent up to matriculates and only 6.9 per cent per cent were primary level. Thus, the majority of migrants were illiterates and only a few had studied up to fifth standard.
It is the low income in the native place which low level income In the present study, the monthly income of 72.4 per cent long-term migrants was in the range Below-5000 and short term migrant in 82.8 percent of equal number was in the range Below-5000. 5001-10000 while 26.3 percent of respondents’ long-term migrants and were earning 5001 to ` 10000. Among short-term migrants also, 17.2 per cent were earning income. In the range of Above-10001 and 1.3 per cent had income in the range. So, nearly 75 per cent respondents had monthly income of ` 3000 to ` 10000.
It is the low income in the native place which induces migration to the areas of better livelihood opportunities. In the present study, the monthly income of 65.8 per cent long-term migrants was in the range 15001-20000 and of short-term migrants were in the range 15001-20000 while 86.3 per cent of respondents. The second income range was earning below - 15000 long-term migrants were in the32.9 percent. Among short-term migrants also, 10.3 per cent were earning income in the range of below - 15000 and 1.3 per cent had income long term migrant and short term migrant 3.4 percent in the range above - 20001. On overall basis, maximum income of ` 15001-20000 was being earned by 71.4per cent respondents, followed by Below – 15000 by 26.7 per cent, and Above – 20001 by 1.9 per cent. So, nearly 70 per cent respondents had monthly income of 15001-20000.
The study has revealed that most of the migrants were in the age of thirties and forties, belonged to general castes with faith in Hindu religion, were mostly illiterates and migrated in the first decade of 21st century. Nearly 72 per cent of the migrants were earning a monthly income of ` 3000-5000. Low wages and rain-fed agriculture in the native place have been found the economic factors leading to migration, while poverty, poor civic amenities, leading a poor life, high aspirations and demonstration effect were social and psychological factors resulting to migration. As far as income is concerned, before migration 70 per cent migrants were earning greater than ` 15001-20000 per month. , 70 per cent of respondents their income as remittances back home.
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