The invention of workload management policies marked a major turning point in the history of sports. The fundamental concept of workload management has been around for several decades in the mainframe world. Although it initially met with resistance from sports industry, but eventually became central to sports, giving them unprecedented access to cultural activities and social participation. The idea of workload management was not entirely new; organisations adapted and simplified existing methods to create the best industry practice. But its success depended on acceptance among the other national and community institutes. This process has shaped the broader debates about the place of workload management in sports.
Indeed significant
“Load (or workload) is the combination of sport and non-sport stressors. It’s more than training load alone and includes competition, work, recreational activities, family, homework”, etc. According to the concept presented by Impellizzeri (now adopted universally), Load can be divided in two sub-categories: external load and internal load. External load can be characterised as the sum of the work completed by an athlete during a training drill, session or period. While on the other Hand Internal load represents an individual athlete's response to training can be quantified by the intensity and duration of the physiological stress imposed on the athlete.
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While the people who argue that Managing and measuring performance in sports is nice to have first they should look at industry size because sports have become an industry with estimated worth to be more than $500 billion, with some estimate running up to $ 1.3 trillion, and if any sports organisation that want’s to grow in this cutting throat competition than it is must to have proper structure of organisation with delegated responsibilities and authority about the job. So that everyone is specifically clear about their job description and further it is also important that there should be proper dispersal of the autonomy and control over the affairs of the organisation.
Since full autonomy results greater biasness and less autonomy marks with unnecessary delays in the programmes. Likewise, the work of manager in sports is eclectic and mixed as he is answerable to the media as well as to the stakeholders and obviously his job includes technical expertise, managing strategic priorities and budget. Due to the dynamic job of the manager he must priories some activities and must mark projects with tranches to use time efficiently and use resources effectively.
Work-culture in sports organisations
The players practice usually 5 days-a-week and for 5-6 hour a day, moreover they have a strict diet plan which they must follow, they need a high level of concentration on their performance because club have their reward and punishment tactic for their players that means higher the performance higher the reward and vice-versa. As there is no law binding football club or the football league there to govern the interest of players because the rule and regulation are formulated by the professional league with the some consideration of professional clubs there’s no involvement of the player’s into it and even if the club knows any potential change that can affect the player which is not very important for the club they let the player suffer because there are a lot of talented player available in the market that can fill the place of the former player as a result of that players interest suffers many times.
Not only that the football club have full authority to increase or decrease the salary after the end of contract and may send on a loan to the other clubs in between a season if the club think it necessary to do so, like in recent days Paris-st-Germain stood salient for the future of one of the their player Dani Alves, the Brazilian captain in last Copa-America tournament which they have bought for a huge salary from a competitive club while his performance was amazing. Similarly, Professional Clubs don’t have any retirement plan for their players as because they only consider the profit not the growth of the player. Furthermore, sometimes professional teams may be working on different strategy so that they can perform well in the future and because of that they must focus more on the youth players therefore the senior player who are focusing on listing some trophies in their names must sacrifice there will to win.
Secondly even if they are willing to leave the club they will have to wait for the opening of the transfer window which is regulated by the professional league and due to the fact player have agreed in the contract which is itself designed by the professional teams that they can only leave with the permission of their professional team thus even if the player want’s to leave and he’s in demand by the other club as well, there present profit seeking club take advantage of the market demand and try to earn more money by using their release clause because of which the player can’t leave the club unless and other-wise the buying club pay for the release clause. Undoubtedly even if the player wants to challenge the professional team in the court of law he simply can’t.
The RFL requires the commercial use of a player’s intellectual property to maximise revenue from the sale of properties attached to the Challenge Cup competition. The right to use the player’s intellectual property is granted by the club to the RFL. Under the standard terms of the players contract, most of the player have to agree that the club may use his name, signature or image for its own commercial purposes which includes ‘the grant of rights to use the same to the Club’s sponsors, commercial partners or suppliers including Super League (Europe) Ltd and the Rugby Football League provided that any such use is limited to you appearing and being portrayed as a member of the Club. A player is also expressly forbidden from entering into a sponsorship or promotional contract with a company that is a direct competitor of an RFL sponsor.
Passion, salary and wages
Many English football clubs are paying their backroom staff 'poverty wages' of as little as £800 a month. In contrast to the millions being earned by football players. Manchester, Liverpool, Chelsea and Arsenal are all paying barely paying minimum wage of £9.25 an hour to cleaners, kitchen porters, cashiers and bar staff, the IPPR think-tank report found. The club owners believe that their management is best, and they are going to achieve their success with the help of them. Most of the football clubs believe that there is a direct relationship between points won and squad wages, something which is noticeable by owners. There is a characteristic inclination to get in the quest for progress, even though not all groups can be fruitful. There are many examples of clubs where the directors (true fans) have 'chased the dream' – gambling short-term investment (or borrowing) in the hope of long-term success.
They have been blamed for 'out of line and exploitative' rehearses subsequent to promoting for youthful understudies to fill in as exceptionally qualified execution experts without pay or costs for a year on the site of an administration quango. In one HMRC finding it reported to government that few clubs might be breaking the law through their use of unpaid staff, the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority also admitted that the same has been reported to the MP about the unfair use of interns to cover staff shortfalls. Premier league football clubs including Reading, Wigan and Swansea have all marketed for Articles to work voluntary for a whole season to film training and matches, collect input data and analyse the routine of individual players.
For many years, mostly in every industry organisation take advantage of voluntary work of interns for example it was said recently that 8 out of 10 new journalists started their career in this manner. Indeed, several young people with intern experience have gone on to become permanent employees at clubs.
The professional team are under pressure of followers / supporters to invest, to sign a star player and the perfect example of that is Paris – St Germain made Neymar da Silva Santos jr the world’s highest ever paid player with a £222 million contract. The deal puts him on £550,000 a week - equivalent to £3274 an hour. while PSG pays its players more than £150 million a year, some of its staff are paid the basic minimum wage. Similarly, the Premier League is the most lucrative in the world. The combined revenues of its 20 clubs stood at about £4.8 billion last season and they spent £600 million on players.
As a result, fifty per cent of clubs are losing money and this is an increasing trend. It’s indeed to stop this downward spiral. Their expenditure and investment in the players are more than their revenue and Clubs haven't paid their debts. As the teams who play in tournaments have unanimously agreed to the league principles living within your means is the basis of accounting, but it hasn't been the basis of football for years. The club owners are suggested for rules because they can't implement them themselves. Since it has become a greedy race. There should be strict rules and regulation for the spending to control the clubs.
Retention policies
The growth and prosperity of any organisation is totally depended on the backbone or the employees of the organisation, in return obviously the organisation in expected to be with the employees when they are in need. Many learning organisations believes that the most important task for an organisation is to train the employee for the particular job and then to retain him for the same, because he’s became the perfect person for the job while doing the same routine work. And it becomes the essential for the organisation to value the necessities of their employee and try to fulfil them time to time. Because if the employees of the organisation are happy and are doing the work of their interest, they are going to be more effective. Same is with the people engaged in sports organisation.
As many organisations take years to give them permanent job or never do, in the fear that their quality of work will decrease. But the modern research believes that if the employee is are not afraid for job loss then the quality of work will increase in fact. But in the sports industry things are different as most of the staff in the organisation will be either part-time or voluntary as they are focused on the cost factor and Similarly only few top-most positions of the organisation will be permanent or will also be contract basis. As financial statement of 2018-19 of foundation of hearts a professional football club shows that the club have only 1% permanent staff out of 250.
Inequality in sports
The word “sportsmanship” itself does not have equality, when we talk about any game we remember and can only name the best male players not the female players. Even today, which claims to have gender equality, it seems that female sports stars simply don't get the same coverage as their male counterparts. Already, the anticipation is building for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, which will take place in Qatar. But how many people know the FIFA Women's World Cup has just taken place in France? The US team were crowned the winners, after beating the Netherlands team 2-0 in the final. England even managed to secure fourth place! By contrast, the England team in the men's FIFA World Cup rarely make the semi - finals. Whilst the FIFA World Cup enjoys prime-time TV slots, shown on most BBC channels, the FIFA Women's World Cup was side-lined, with little to no broadcasting. The only time it made the news here was when a Megan Rapinoe American soccer player insulted the American president.
The inequality doesn't end with football. Earlier, many woman players complained they don’t get a chance to play on the Main / best courts (Centre Court and Court 1) at tennis tournaments. In this case it may be luck of draw as you win you get better court to compete. In recent Norway has made a great amendment in salary pay to footballers and had become the benchmark for the rest of the world by paying equal pay for all. As the change comes form the first step and first step has been taken, next all we need is further wonderful example’s like Norway. While the women who work full time earn 15% less than man, the reason behind the fact is since women are at the lower jobs then man as most of the higher jobs are occupied by man. Even so this concept does not apply to the sports, its clearly because women’s get less attraction because to the tendency that female tends to be less active then men. But the fact is that women’s competition tends to be more skilful and less aggressive.
It was 1960’s Olympics when women were first allowed to take part in some of the track and field contests, since then many addition and improvements have been done and now women can take part in almost all the event. In recent many women athletes have made historic records like Simone biles made a record of wining 25th medal at world championships. Earlier to her Brigid Kosegi, Charlotte Edwards, katy Mclean and Nicola Adams the two-time Olympic boxing champion and many more have repeated the history and made it clear that women are not less than men in any field. Still they don’t get the media coverage that we usually see for the males. Every year FIFA announces the female and male best players but most of the talk shows only debate and cover the male contestant. As a result of the same the male counterpart gets better endorsement and advertisements opportunities. The male sportsman used to live a celebrity’s life, nowadays sportsman like Cristiano Ronaldo and Messi are believed to be bigger than professional teams.
However, the campaign like “This Girl Can” which was started by the sports England have contributes a lot in the promotion of the women equality. Similarly, “Girls Active'” which was again funded by sport England and women in sport. The campaign like these motivates women to take the first step towards what is tagged impossible by the society. It is that mind set of people that women can’t and only the obstacle which is in between the freedom as well success of women. The moment they free to demonstrate what they can achieve the impossible will became possible.
Olympics and the evolution it bring with itself
Since 2008 the world has been united over a variety of issues. Financial issues, fear dangers, cataclysmic events and atomic calamities, uprisings and common wars. However, a significant part of the time these have made as opposed to mended divisions between and inside country states.
From Rio's amazing opening service to Usain Bolt's stunning dashes, the 2016 Olympics charmed spectators around the world. The following summer however, it will have been a long time since the Olympic light was passed from Rio to Tokyo. At the point when Tokyo offer for the Olympics, it guaranteed that the game's inheritance is urge youngsters to take up sports. In this manner, a central issue is whether this guarantee will be kept. Maybe it is on the grounds that the Olympics is in excess of an occasion that pits country against country, it is a challenge for people. The world meets up for these skilled people. Individuals who are without a moment's delay both normal and phenomenal. These competitors make a solid effort to push the physical limits of what people can accomplish, and in doing so they rouse and entrance individuals all around the globe.
During the 2016 Rio Olympics, a lot of effort was made by sports stars to promote women's participation in sport. The main objective of the tournament is to bring the integrity between the five continents and promote the peach in between the nations and to promote the same Olympic are organised in every four year.
In this way, when the world directs its concentration toward the Olympics of 2020, possibly Tokyo will satisfy its guarantee to rouse youngsters. If not enlivened to begin another game, perhaps motivation will lie in realizing that individuals with immeasurably from various foundations and convictions can contend on a world stage with elegance, nobility, and above all, regard.
Scientific management (Taylorism)
Frederick Winslow Taylor was the first person to visualise the concept of Workload management. He believed that the whole job should be break down into small tasks and should be delegated to the person how is best fitted for the job and should be not be done by role of thumb instead a scientific method should be adopted for the same. He was so good to have such a vision in his time even though he had faced many criticisms from the labour unions, since his approach was impacting to downsizing and many employees were losing jobs therefore. Even so his method was something that most of the leaders of his time believed to be scientific management of work. Following the vision path of F. Taylor, Elton mayo invented the greatest of all-time “Human relations method” was discovered and his research was further continued and systems like Six Sigma and Lean manufacturing that could bring 100% success to any organisation who follow the complete guide were build.
In conclusion even though workload management have been adopted by a lot of organisation and institutes still there is need for automation in the policies as the environment keep on changing and so as there is need for changing the manageing policies. Similarly, it is apparent from the above that public organisation tends to be more caring about the society as compared to professianal teams as they more tend to be profit seeking but in contrast to that professioanl team are more intended to change faster to the desirable changes then their counter part.
References
- https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1044832/Named-shamed-The-Premiership-clubs-pay-backroom-staff-poverty-wages-players-pocket-millions.html
- https://bitterandblue.sbnation.com/2014/2/11/5400686/manchester-city-finance-series-part-1-why-theyll-meet-ffp-guidelines
- https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/apr/12/football-clubs-accused-exploiting-unpaid-interns
- https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/22125015
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8256279.stm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Financial_Fair_Play_Regulations
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