Analysis of Aquaculture in Egypt

Fish are a critical source of meals and contribute to the provision of animal protein and an opportunity to meat substitutes. Recently, the call for has improved, especially after the boom inside the prices of meat and poultry, which has come to be one of the targets of the development technique and the principle axis of its axes, as its development policies have an effect on the balance between the charges of growth of fish manufacturing and population boom charges and to elevate the quotes of fish production from one of a kind sources till consumption desires and make contributions to food security.

In Egypt, fish production is one of the components of agricultural manufacturing and is a source of excessive exceptional protein. Fish production contributes approximately LE 20 billion, representing approximately 9.5 % of the net agricultural profits of about 209.9 billion kilos in 2016. Fish is an economical opportunity to fulfill the call for animal products with neighborhood fish manufacturing reaching about 1.61 million heaps in 2016, at the same time as intake amounted to 2.96 million tons, indicating a fish gap expected at 1.35 million tons. Fish farming is the most essential supply of fish manufacturing in Egypt, accounting for 73.3% of the entire fish manufacturing in Egypt in 2016. The rest of the fish production from all other herbal assets represented through the sea, lakes, the Nile River and its branches amounted to approximately 391.8 thousand tons representing approximately 26.7 % of the full fish manufacturing. This illustrates the significance of fish farming in growing fish manufacturing in Egypt, in contrast to the herbal sources, which shows a decline in fish production year after year. Thus, aquaculture is the main supply of development and multiplied manufacturing.

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Egypt is the seventh biggest aquaculture producer in the world with the aid of quantity and the biggest in Africa, accounting for 73.8 percentage of aquaculture in Africa by using volume and for 64.2 percentage by way of price. It employs over 2 hundred 000 workers supporting at the least 1,000,000 families. Aquaculture landings helped boost the consistent with capita intake from 8.5 kg to almost the FAO international average of approximately 20 kg 2014. Egypt produced 13.8 percent of the world’s cultured tilapias.

Cultured Species

Presently, 14 one-of-a-kind species of finfish and two species of crustacean are cultured in Egypt. Ten are native and 6 are introduced species. The local species are: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), thinlip mullet (Liza ramada), bluespot mullet (Valamugil seheli), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), meagre (Argyrosomus regius) and penaeid shrimp. The brought species are: commonplace carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the giant river freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) (Characteristics et al., 2009).

Tilapia, carp and mullet incorporate more than 95 % of Egyptian aquaculture manufacturing indicating a slim manufacturing basket. In 2012, the percentage of tilapia had expanded to 768,752 tons. Other principal species are mullet (129,651 t), carp (67,0.5 t), and to a lesser extent also sea bass (13,798), seabream (14,806 t) and shrimp (1109 t). Finally, due to the fact 2008, manufacturing of meager started out and reached 8319 tons in 2012. When taking a closer look at tilapia because the most essential farmed species, Egypt ranks 2nd behind best China with a total price of approximately 900,000 USD. African catfish farming within the country is promising and gaining significance in latest years. While production of tilapia is steadily increasing, production of carps is declining because of less consumer preferences.

Types of Aquaculture Systems in Egypt

1. Extensive system. This shape is the least economical, however has been practiced for hundreds of years and remains present in a few regions, commonly referred to as net enclosures or ‘Howash’. The level of manufacturing in tremendous machine is usually low and stages from 0.25-0.75 tons/ha in step with year and requires approximately 25 m3 of water to provide handiest one kg of fish. Howash is normally practiced in low-level regions particularly across the northern lakes. Fish emerge as trapped during high water levels in summer, where they remain until they reach marketable length and are harvested when the water stage drops in winter. Howash is now prohibited as it has a destructive effect at the environment however it is nonetheless practiced illegally in a few regions. Extensive gadget does now not require synthetic aeration or any feeding and depends simplest at the already available natural food sources within the pond. Usually, it is practiced by means of farmers on a small scale as a circle of relatives’ business. Extensive structures for shrimp culture were practiced through stocking of shrimp larvae in Lake Qarun on account that 1977 till now.
2. Semi-intensive system. The semi-extensive gadget is the maximum common shape of aquaculture in Egypt, in keeping with GAFRD. Food fish from this gadget account for 86% of the full manufacturing, with huge quantities of northern lakes enclosed for semi-extensive aquaculture purposes. Semi-intensive aquaculture yields range from 5 to twenty tons/ha of fish annually. Different water and energy inputs and stocking densities from farm-to-farm account for this variation. The water usage to produce one ton of fish in this system is approximately 5,000- 6000 m3. Both aquafeed and fertilizers are supplied in this device, with the feed protein necessities starting from 10 to 30%. This protein percentage is readily to be had in the market, as 95% of aquafeeds comprise 25% crude protein. The production from semi-in-depth systems in 2012 was much less than the half of 2011 manufacturing. This can be attributed to aquaculture intensification, which replaces both widespread and semi-intensive structures.
3. Intensive system. Recently, intensive systems are changing many full-size and semi-intensive farms due to economic factors and to counteract the lack of land and water aid problems. It maximizes the use of water and land with an annual productivity of 100-150 tons/ha. On advantage is only 2 hundred m3 are needed to produce one ton of fish at a density of 30-35 kg/m3. Currently, this practice is developing nicely in many regions of Egypt especially in the desert. Annual fish manufacturing from this device in 2012 was 3 times greater than 2011 manufacturing due to the modern progress toward intensification. This device requires synthetic aeration and water pumps in addition to higher protein diets (> 30%) to cowl the nutritional needs for the excessive variety of fish. The hassle is best 5% of the industrial aqua-feed in Egypt incorporates 30% crude protein.

Most Common Obstacles Facing Egyptian Aquaculture and Possible Solutions

Farmers Are Not Involved in Decision and Policy-Making

This requires activation and strengthening the prevailing farmers’ associations and the UAC. Also, encouraging farmers to take role in the current fish farmers institutions via showing them the blessings of being represented by way of a strong organization.

Poor Image of Farmers Among Government Agencies

A conference attended by means of all stakeholder representatives to talk about and amend the current guidelines to preserve tempo with the progress that befell within the aquaculture sector. The conference recommendation needs to consist of new law that make sure high quality manage on the world and defensive the producers. In addition, align all corporations (and subsequent legislation and policies that have an effect on fish farmers) involved inside the method of organizing the aquaculture sector. Not to mention the activation position of NGOs as a means for producers to retain functioning efficaciously with the applicable government businesses and the media.

Fish Diseases

1. Policy. Develop a countrywide plan to control and save you distribution of fish diseases. A new developed guidelines on water use and improved monitoring. Strengthen (governmental) tracking of illnesses and outbreaks. Monitor pesticide residues in the water used in aquaculture (installing committees to gather water samples). Periodical evaluation of feed samples to detect mycotoxins and food infections.
2. Research. Develop a monitoring software and periodic sampling to examine the seasonality and areas of fish diseases and establish a genetic selection program to provide resistant strains Also, establish new specialized fish disease laboratories close to farm areas. Isolation and identification of bacteria, viruses, fungus and parasites in infested regions to decide the reasons of disease and determine effective remedy for each case, consulting pharmacological experts. Convene conferences presenting the scientific studies effects addressing troubles faced by fish farmers.
3. Training, extension and service delivery. Training of farmers on high-quality management practices and improve veterinarian service delivery for analysis and treatment. Provide extension seminars to promote effective remedy for each case also, extension and schooling on overwintering practices to decrease fish mortality.
4. Other. Uses of immuno-stimulants to growth fish immunity and ailment resistance. Organize a conference to present the effects of scientific studies and try to remedy the important troubles faced with the aid of fish farmers.

High Production Cost

Establish an association of feed importers and identify less expensive alternative feeds. Focus on producing forage crops locally and Issue weapon licenses for farm security. Also, supply gasoline quotas for fish farmers, training courses for farmers and farm workers and extend the hire period to twenty-five years.

Low Quality Feeds

Update pleasant control laws and feeds registration. Also, find alternatives for raw substances used in feed production and produce environmentally-friendly feeds.

Farmers Are Not Represented in a Good Way in Decision-Making

Organize fish farmers in civil producer groups and aid producer organizations. Plus extending the length of the license and most importantly lessen renewal fees.

No Possibility to Own Land

Increase consciousness of the importance of fish farming and its contribution to decreasing animal protein prices. Form working companies to display trouble within the UAC. Showing the problem to government organizations which includes MOALR, GAFRD and the Ministry of Finance. Participation of the Minister of Agriculture, or his representative, and try to discover a solution to the hassle. Also, Participation of the UAC chairman to help find an option to the hassle. Extended the length of the rent or offer farmers with options to personal their farmland within the lengthy run.

Deterioration of Quality Water Available for Use in Fish Farms

Treatment of industrial and domestic effluents earlier than discharging to the agricultural drainage canals that deliver water for aquaculture. Use bio-filters (biotechnology) in fish farms to reuse the water inside farm ponds. Apply nice management practices in fish farms.

Insufficient Water Quantity, and Fish Farmers Don’t Have Rights to Use Water for Aquaculture

Introduce regulation that guarantees quotas of agricultural drainage water for fish farms, and modify the glide of agricultural drainage water canals to supply farms with greater water. Also, use brackish water wells for fish farming and Recycle water in aquaculture areas for a couple of use before discharge to lakes (by schooling and technical extension.

Lack of Well-Equipped Fish Markets and Formal Selling Space

Legal entities should be created which includes retailer committees to be a face to fish retailers at some point of policy communicate and collective bargaining. Also, establish unique markets for the sale of fish (as in Shakshouk), and work through the present entities such as CDAs. In addition, ask the retailers to utilize the geared-up markets for fish sale. Develop marketing machine to reduce the gap among the value chain actors.

Conclusion

There is no doubt that aquaculture has great benefit on both economy and general health and so it is worth to support with effort and funding. Currently, Egypt is on the right path to be a leading entity in aquaculture world and to achieve that goal proper protocol is to be followed and supported by related sectors.