Introduction
Comment by David FRITH: You are employed by a large sports and fitness company as a trainee Health Care Assistant within their Occupational Health Department (OHD). Your employers are concerned that a significant number of working days are lost due to employee absence through musculoskeletal disorders. They hope that by liaising with other Health Care professionals, the OHD will be able to create support programmes that offer employees education and guidance regarding the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system
Introduce your report, outlining what an employee in the company may find in it and use it for. Link this to the idea that to prevent injuries you need to understand the different parts of the musculoskeletal system and be able to identify where stuff is.
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In this booklet I will be talking about the skeleton and what its structure and function is. joints and muscles. This booklet can help people who are training to work in the Health and care system. This will help the individual to understand how the skeleton, joints and muscles work throughout the body.
Section 1 – Diagrams of the skeletal system
Labelled diagram of the axial skeleton Comment by David FRITH: A labelled diagram with the following parts of the skeleton identified with clear explanation of function (example given below) and the type of bone
A diagram of the Axial skeleton, to include:
• cranium, mandible and maxilla, vertebral column (cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx, intervertebral discs), ribs and sternum.
**it is best to do this on paint, or PowerPoint and then copy and paste as an image into this word document
Cranium – Provides a protective structure for the brain. It is made up of a number of flat bones that are joined together by immovable suture joints. In children these bones are not fused together to allow some movement for the brain and skull to grow as the child develops.
Labelled diagram of the appendicular skeleton Comment by David FRITH: A labelled diagram of the appendicular skeleton, to include:
- limb bones (humerus, radius, ulna; femur, patella, tibia, fibula)
- wrist, hand and digit bones (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
- ankle, foot and digit bones (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, calcaneus)
- shoulder girdle (scapula, clavicle)
- pelvic girdle (ilium, pubis, ischium).
Section 2 - Bones
Bone types there are different kinds of bones in your body some of them are called long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones. These are what makes up the human skeleton. Comment by David FRITH: A detailed description of the different bones types and the general composition of bones. To include
- Long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones.
Long bones are the largest bones in the body they are there to help provide strength, structure and mobility to the skeleton. The femur which is also known as the thigh bone is the biggest bone in the body.
Short bones are the bones that are located in your wrist and ankle joints they allow and provide stability and also a little bit of movement.
Flat bones are the bones that are there to help protect the internal organs such as the lungs, brain and heart.
Irregular bones are the bones that don’t fit into any other category as they all change in their size and structure; they normally are the ones that help to protect the organs. An example of an irregular bone is the vertebra is the irregular bone of the vertebral column it’s there to protect the spine.
Sesamoid bones are bones the small round like bones that are found at the knee, hands and ankles. They provide you to be able to move the joint all the way around.
Bone composition Compact bone is a bone that is a dense bone which is filled with substances such as inorganic salts.[19]Bone marrow is the sponge that is inside the bones which have red blood cells in them that help to carry oxygen throughout the body and the white blood cells are the ones that help fight infection. Bone marrow contains platelets which help to prevent blood clots in the body.[20] Comment by David FRITH: Bone composition: periosteum, spongy/compact bone, bone marrow, mineral use.
Section 3 - Joints
Classification of joints Joints can be classified based on their structure and function. There are three main groups of joints which are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. All three of these joints have different structures and functions. Fibrous joints are the joints that do not move. The characteristics of fibrous joints are the joints are connected by a connective tissue; this is so the joint can not move out of its structure.[14] Cartilaginous joints are joints that are connected together with cartilage. By the joints being connected by cartilage it allows more movement of the joint. This joint allows the growth between the long bones and the intervertebral discs in the spinal column. Synovial joints are the joints that are found between the bones that move together the synovial joints are found in places such as shoulder, hip, elbow and the knees. They allow all movements such as abduction, adduction, flexion and rotation. Comment by David FRITH: You need to explain how joints can be classified based on their structure into three main groups, fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. You will need to describe the key characteristics of each type of joint, commenting on their general structure, movement each one allows and examples of each one
Major synovial joint types and location Comment by David FRITH: You need to identify the following major joint types on a labelled diagram - gliding, condyloid, saddle, socket, ball and socket, pivot and hinge.
Finally, you need to describe the movement each of these major joints allowed (e.g flexion, extension, rotation etc..)
There are a few types of movements. FLexion is the type of movement where the joint decreases such as when throwing a ball the arm is bending. Extension is where you straighten the joint. Abduction is where the joints move away from the body such as doing a star jump the arms and legs are both moving away from the midpoint of the body. Adduction where the joints move back into the body. Circumduction is when the joints are able to go round in a circular motion for example when taking a serve in tennis. And finally rotation is when the joint is able to turn for example when hit a golf ball in golf.[15]
Section 4 - Muscles
Labelled diagram of major muscle groups Comment by David FRITH: The major skeletal muscle groups forming the upper body are the abdominal, pectoral, deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, biceps, and triceps. The major skeletal muscle groups of the lower body are the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus, and gluteus
Structure of muscle fibres [16][image: ] Comment by David FRITH: A labelled diagram may help you do this.
Section 5 – The role of the skeletal system Comment by David FRITH:
Skeletal The skeleton plays a big role in our body; it provides the body to stay in its structure. The bones are there to also help protect and support the organs. The skeleton also allows movement as the bones are there to support and carry the body's weight. The bones store minerals such as calcium and vitamin D.[17] The skeleton can also be there to help give structure to the muscles helping them to stay in place. Comment by David FRITH: 1. Skeletal functions: support, protection, attachment for skeletal muscle, storing minerals, producing blood cells, maintaining mineral homeostasis.
Muscles The muscular system is a big part of the human body as it allows the body to be able to move around. The muscles attach the bones to the body. The heart is one of the most important muscles in the body as it pumps blood around the body and makes sure it’s flowing enough.[18] Comment by David FRITH: 2. Muscle: the role of ligaments, tendons, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, process of muscle contraction, fast- and slow-twitch fibres.
Movement The skeleton and muscles are a big part of movement. The body can do many movements such as being able to circle arms back and forth. Movement is important to the body as they wouldn’t be able to do everyday tasks such as walking, running and being able to sit down. If the body had no movement the individual would be very likely to be in a wheelchair. Comment by David FRITH: 3. Movement due to interaction of muscles, bones, joints and attachment apparatus: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal/external, rotation, circumduction.
Bibliography
- https://www.healthline.com/health/cranial-bones Last accessed 18th September 2020
- https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/mandible#1 Last accessed 18th September 2020
- https://www.verywellhealth.com/sternum-anatomy-4691725 last accessed 18th September 2020
- https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/intervertebral-disk#1 Last accessed 24th September 2020
- https://www.britannica.com/science/vertebral-column Last accessed 24th September 2020
- https://www.innerbody.com/image_skel05/skel14_spine.html Last accessed 25th September 2020
- https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spine-anatomy/anatomy-coccyx-tailbone Last accessed 25th September 2020
- https://www.innerbody.com/image_skel05/skel14_spine.html Last accsessed 1st October 2020.
- https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spine-anatomy/anatomy-coccyx-tailbone Last accessed 1st October 2020
- https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ribs Last accessed 1st October 2020
- https://www.physio-pedia.com/Structure_and_Function_of_the_Cervical_Spine Last accessed 2nd October 2020
- https://www.healthline.com/health/maxilla Last accessed 2nd October 2020
- https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/skeleton/types-of-bones Last accessed 9th October 2020
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/fibrous-joints/ Last accessed 15th October 2020
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxc34j6/revision/5 Last accessed 16th October 2020
- https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/10-2-skeletal-muscle/ Last accessed 23rd October 2020
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21048-skeletal-system Last accessed 23rd October 2020
- https://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html#:~:text=The%20muscular%20system%20is%20responsible,vessels%2C%20tendons%2C%20and%20nerves. Last accessed 23rd October 2020
- https://www.britannica.com/science/compact-bone Last accessed 23rd October 2020
- https://medlineplus.gov/bonemarrowdiseases.html#:~:text=Bone%20marrow%20is%20the%20spongy,that%20help%20with%20blood%20clotting. Last accessed 23rd October 2020
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