Chemistry is a branch of science that describes the contents of evidence, principles, laws, hypotheses obtained through the method and scientific analysis of nature, structure, reaction, and changes in energy and material. Chemical kinetics, the branch of physical chemistry involved in understanding chemical reaction rates. Chemical kinetics is the clock of time. Chemical kinetics includes many facets of cosmology, geology, genetics, engineering, and even psychology, and therefore has far-reaching implications. Chemical kinetics principles apply to both purely physical processes and chemical reactions. Another reason of kinetics ' importance is that it provides evidence of chemical process processes. Knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not only of intrinsic scientific interest, but also of practical use in deciding what is the most effective way to cause a reaction. By default, a chemical reaction is one in which chemical substances are converted into other substances, which means that chemical bonds are broken and formed to alter the relative positions of atoms in molecules. At the same time, the configurations of the electrons that make up the chemical bonds are changing. The vast amount of work done in chemical kinetics has led to the conclusion that in a single step certain chemical reactions go; these are known as elementary reactions. In more than one step, other reactions are said to be step by step, composite, or complex. In terms of the levels at which the products are produced and the reactants (the reacting substances) are consumed, the reaction rate is specified. Concentrations of substances, which is defined as the amount of substance per unit volume, are usually dealt with for chemical systems.
Quantitative (chemical) analysis, determining the absolute or relative abundance of one or more substances in a sample. Quantitative analysis in analytical chemistry is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all substances present in a sample. For qualitative or quantitative measurements, most methods can be used. One of them is the method of spectrophotometry.
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Spectrophotometry is a tool that depends on how much light is absorbed by colored compounds depending on the quantitative analysis of molecules. Spectrophotometry uses photometers, known as spectrophotometers, which can measure the frequency of a light beam according to its color (wavelength). Spectral bandwidth (the spectrum of colors that can be transmitted through the test sample), the percentage of sample-transmission, the logarithmic distance of sample-absorption, and sometimes a percentage of reflectance measurement, are important features of spectrophotometers. An example of an experiment using spectrophotometry is measuring a solution's balance constant. In a solution, a certain chemical reaction may occur in a forward and reverse direction, where reactants form products which break down into reactants. This chemical reaction will at some level reach a point of balance called a point of equilibrium. The light transmittance of the solution can be checked using spectrophotometry to assess the respective concentrations of reactants and products at this level. The amount of light passing through the solution is indicative of the concentration of certain chemicals that prevent light from passing through.
Light absorption is due to the interaction between light and molecules electronic and vibrational modes. Every molecule type has an individual collection of energy levels correlated with the composition of its chemical bonds and nuclei, thus absorbing light from specific wavelengths or energies, resulting in unique spectral properties. The use of spectrophotometers covers different scientific areas such as physics, study of materials, chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, and molecular biology. Spectrophotometry is often used in enzyme activity measurements, protein concentration determinations, determinations of enzymatic kinetic constants, and reaction rate determination.
Design
There are two primary system classes: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer measures the intensity of light between two light paths, one path with a reference sample, and the other the experimental sample. Before and after a test sample is inserted, a single-beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam.
For short, in a scanning spectrophotometer, the sequence of events is as follows:
- A monochromator shines the light source, diffracts into a rainbow, and divides it into two beams. Through the sample and the reference solutions it is then scanned.
- Fractions of the incident wavelengths are transmitted through the sample and reference, or derived from them.
- The resulting light hits the unit of the image detector, measuring the relative strength of the two beams.
- Electronic circuits transform the relative currents into linear percentages of transmission and/or values of absorption / concentration.
Application of spectrophotometry
Development and implementation of the Metronidazole Determination Kinetic Spectrophotometric Process.
- Purpose: To develop an improved kinetic-spectrophotometric method in pharmaceutical formulations for the determination of metronidazole (MNZ).
- Methods: The process is based on a pH 4.5 (acetate buffer) oxidation reaction of MNZ by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of Fe (II) ions. Spectrophotometrically, the reaction was controlled by calculating the level of absorbance shift at 317 nm.
- Results: Optimum operating conditions have been defined for concentrations of reagents and temperature. The linear calibration curve with standard deviation from 1.77 to 4.55 percent was obtained in the range of 85.77 – 513.45ng mL-1. The optimized conditions yielded a 15.20 ng mL-1 theoretical detection limit based on the 3.3So criterion. Some contact was found with widely used excipients and other additives such as talc, insulin, fructose, lactose, gluten, magnesium stearate, micro-crystalline cellulose, and several ions.
Conclusion
The proposed kinetic-spectrophotometric method for determining MNZ in pharmaceutical samples described in this work is simple, easy, inexpensive, and therefore suitable for routine quality control analysis of the active drug in hospital, pharmaceutical and research laboratories. It should also be appropriate for developing countries. The method validation shows that the obtained results are in good agreement with the method of potentiometry.
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