Animal biotechnology has developed quickly over the past 2 decades. Animal biotechnology is a part of biotechnology in which molecular biology is utilized genetically engineer animals so as to improve their suitability for pharmaceutical, farming or industrial applications. Animal biotechnology has been utilized to deliver genetically modified animals that combine helpful proteins, have improved development rates or are resistance to disease. Example of animal biotechnology include creating transgenic animals using gene knock out technology to make animals with a specific inactivated gene and producing nearly identical animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Animal biotechnology has many potential uses. Genetically engineered poultry, swine, goats, dairy cattle, and other animals additionally are starting to be utilized as generators of pharmaceutical and different items, potential sources for replacement organs for human and model for human disease. In principle, transgenic animals can give milk that is progressively nutritious for the customer, or that is improved for certain protein components that may be significant for manufacturing cheese or other dairy items. Companies are also interested in farm animals as potential source of replacement organs for people. Transplantation is an acknowledged and effective treatment for organ failure, however there is a huge lack of accessible human organs [1]. Another application involves animal used within the agriculture sector. In principle animals with attractive attributes could be cloned to accelerate the spread of the ideal genotypes; and animals could be genetically modified to increase productivity to develop new products or to reduce negative impact on the environment [2].
Domesticated animals are critical to people since they give nourishment assets (meat or milk) and different results for example as leather. Cattle are known as the best creatures for delivering a lot of milk as well as meat and are viewed as an important protein asset. Additionally, they are used for inquire about with respect to helped generation advances, for example, in vitro fertilization, super ovulation, embryo transfer, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and cryopreservation, which help us to advance our comprehension of fundamental and propelled embryology in animal as well as human. Recently, the presentation of new genome advances for example; entire genome sequencing and genome control in cattle have opened another period for mechanical applications.
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Genetic modified cattle (GMC) have advanced generally gradually for domesticated animals [3]. In the underlying phase of GMC creation, the plasmids including exogenous recombinant DNAs are small scale infused into in vitro fertilized embryo, like the methods utilized in mice. In other words, transgenic cows are delivered through the small scale infusion of recombinant DNAs into the pronucleus of fertilized embryos (zygotes) and transgenesis is checked by detecting gene [4]. Unfortunately, the micro-injection approach is a inefficient technique for creation of GMC on account of transgene mosaicism, low DNA delivery efficiency , long gestational periods (280 d) and puberty(around 14 mo), also, single pregnancy in cattle. As an option in contrast to micro-injection with plasmid DNAs, high integration of a targeted foreign gene to create GMC utilizing a viral gene delivery system was introduced and GMC have been effectively built by means of retrovirus-or lentivirus-mediated integration furthermore, have been born and developed to adults [5, 6]. However, the virus-dependent GMC approach still has limitations with regard to safety. As a complementary system to miniaturized scale infusion of the objective DNAs or infection disease, SCNT has been utilized, in which a somatic cell, is infused into the enucleated oocytes, at that point combined, activated, and cultured in vitro up to blastocysts [7].
In any case with SCNT the achievement live cloned offspring is very low and abortions what's more, anomalies happen with a high frequency due to irregular reconstructing, prompting moderate advancement in GMC [8]. We believe that some genome editing technologies applied to three areas. First, the innovations will be utilized for essential or illness related gene function research in cattle [9]. The second area where genome altering innovations will be applied is the application of these innovations to improve genetic traits [10]. The third area where genome editing advancements will be applied is in the production of structured milk or biopharmacological proteins can be produced in genome edited dairy cattle [11]. Since the cow has a very particular framework for milk production, moderately simple purification and large scale milk volume, the milk delivered by dairy cattle can be altered by genome editing of milk protein quality advertisers, for example, by changing the protein structure or expanding a few nutrients [12]. Moreover, human or animal bio-pharmacological proteins can be delivered for a huge scope utilizing this system. This idea of delivering bio-pharmacological proteins from transgenic animals has existed for a long time and three recombinant proteins (Aytrin® from goats, Ruconest® from hares and Knuma® from chickens) have been endorsed for clinical use by the FDA.
References
- Animal biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002.
- Kues, W.A. and Niemann, H., “The contribution of farm animals to human health”, in Trends in Biotechnology, 22, 6, 2004, pp. 286-94.
- Keefer CL. Artificial cloning of domestic animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:8874–8.
- Krimpenfort P, Rademakers A, Eyestone W, van der Schans A, van den Broek S, Kooiman P, et al. Generation of transgenic dairy cattle using 'in vitro' embryo production. Biotechnology (N Y). 1991;9:844–7.
- Tan W, Proudfoot C, Lillico SG, Whitelaw CB. Gene targeting, genome editing: from Dolly to editors. Transgenic Res. 2016;25:273–87.
- Krimpenfort P, Rademakers A, Eyestone W, van der Schans A, van den Broek S, Kooiman P, et al. Generation of transgenic dairy cattle using 'in vitroembryo production. Biotechnology (N Y). 1991;9:844–7.
- Cibelli JB, Stice SL, Golueke PJ, Kane JJ, Jerry J, Blackwell C, et al. Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science. 1998;280:1256–8.
- Rideout WM 3rd, Eggan K, Jaenisch R. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome. Science. 2001;293:1093–8.
- Whitworth KM, Rowland RR, Ewen CL, Trible BR, Kerrigan MA, Cino-Ozuna AG, et al. Gene-edited pigs are protected from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34:20–2.
- Carlson DF, Lancto CA, Zang B, Kim ES, Walton M, Oldeschulte D, et al. Production of hornless dairy cattle from genome-edited cell lines. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34:479–81.
- Monzani PS, Adona PR, Ohashi OM, Meirelles FV, Wheeler MB. Transgenic bovine as bioreactors: challenges and perspectives. Bioengineered. 2016;7: 123–31.
- Jabed A, Wagner S, McCracken J, Wells DN, Laible G. Targeted microRNA expression in dairy cattle directs production of beta-lactoglobulin-free, highcasein milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:16811–6.
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