The beginning of plant transitions happened a couple million years ago,it was hard to figure out the dates because they were not much fossil evidence available to observe and calculate. The cooperative arrangement with fungi aided in the transition and developed into a Bryophytes ,for example, mosses, liverworts and hornworts and Tracheophyta such as ferns and other plants. Most plants transition to land to get more sunlight ( the need for photosynthesis), more carbon dioxide, oxygen, more space to grow, and more nutrients. Most plants in water find it hard to be stable in a perfect spot in the middle of the good sunlight from the surface of the water and still get their nutrients. On the other hand, there are disadvantages for water based plants to transition to land because of how different the conditions are which leads to loss of water, and lack of structural support. Water has an advantage by being the primary place for the plants, for example: water support, easy production (no need for vascular tissue), light, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. With all the advantages there are more disadvantages, for example, lack of nutrients (plants do not have easy access to nutrients as they are use to in the water), harder to extract oxygen than land, and varying amount of light depending on location. Plants are capable of adaption throughout the years at a slow pace (million of years). In order for plants to transition to land, there are requirements for each plant, first water conservation ability which needs a constant supply and a way to prevent losing water. Second reproduction ability which is how to reproduce without the help of water like zygotes that may dry out. Third, the most important transportation ability which is how to bring the energy from photosynthesis and water and nutrients distributed throughout the plant.
Although there are some disadvantages to the characteristics of plants, the plants create a land rich in food and resources.Conifers, mosses, and ferns were one of the many plants to transfer from water to land with the adaptations that they had to make in order to survive. Moses did not have any stiff support tissue, conducting tissues, true leaves, stems, roots, pollen, seeds, flowers, and fruits. It does require water for fertilization. Ferns have adaptation characteristics that they become developed throughout the years such as stiff support tissue, conducting tissues, true leaves, stems, roots, and pollen, seeds, flowers, and fruits are absent. Plus it does require water fertilization. As plants evolved from aquatic to land environments, there were restrictions throughout the way. One difficulty is the structural support because in water, organisms are floatable, light and gravity is not as strong as in land. Besides, the Kelp plant which has a structure with a gas-filled sack that allow the plants to float. However, on land, in order for a plant to grow in height and in general, it needs to stand firm against gravity force which is more difficult than a plant that grows in the water where there is minimal gravity and does not require strong structural support. Along with the fact that rigid cell walls are developed to provide support as well, as did various types of supportive tissues like the woody tissue in a tree. The mosses lack strong woody like tissues or any strong stiff and rigid cells. This support is found in the ferns plants but is present fairly.
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During transition plants to land, it is an obstacle to bring sex cells together (sperm and egg). In an aquatic environment, the sperm can swim to the eggs, but on land, this can only happen in very moist climates, for instance, mosses and ferns. Although mosses also reproduce asexually which helps them increase the population to help them adapt to the environment. By some of the adaptations that the plants have, it allows these plants to fertilize. This happened when the mature generation (sporophytes) that produces spores that produce microscopic gametophytes within structures that provide and help with water and nutrients. The male gametophytes develop within pollen grains. Along with the female gametophytes, which produce eggs and develop within ovaries (in the flowering plants). Pollen is transported by wind essentially help to transport sperm to eggs, in which it does need water as a transportation factor. Another barrier for land plants resulted in the growth of the seeds. In aquatic environments, the fertilized egg develops into an embryo that can not be dehydrated because it is in water. And the embryo receives water and nutrients directly from its surrounding environment which is the exact opposite of land because they need other factors to help them get nutrients and especially water if it is not in a moist area. So, in land plants, an embryo can dry out easily therefore while transitioning they need a damp and moist atmosphere to help with the transition to land. This is how the embryo is developed and how they get the nutrients.
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