INTRODUCTION The human population is rapidly increasing and needs a substantial increase in agricultural productivity worldwide. However, various biotic and abiotic stresses are majorfactors limiting crop productivity [1]. To feed the world population, productivity must be increased by 70% for an additional 2.3 billion people by 2050.The mechanism underlying environmental stress response and tolerance in plants are different and more complex than improve crops nutritionally and economically. So here lets discuss the phytohormones and their roles in abiotic stress response,...
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Need of biofuel production In the previous human history the fossil fuels are being used widely in the word by humans for all purposes such as cooking, heating, transportation, construction etc. but with the passage of time different problem arises due to more usage of fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution. When they burnt dangerous air pollutant like oxides of nitrogen, carbon go into the air and not only pollute it but also causes climatic changes, acid...
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Plant-based food. Definitely unheard of amongst foodies, the growing demand for it has taken the food industry by storm. According to the Plant Based Foods Association, plant-based food saw a retail growth of 11% in 2019, compared to other retail foods who had a minor 2% on average (Simon). Not forgetting the increasing number of companies that are hopping on this plant-based trend as well. Plant-based meat alternative company, Impossible Foods, is an example. The demand for Impossible Food’s plant-based...
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The communications between a plant and the microbes surrounding it are extremely powerful and complicated. Remarkably, the immune system of plant is considered to have a significant contribution in characterizing the microbiome structure of plant. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking in an innate immune response called SAR (System acquired resistance) that have manifested variations in formation of bacterial community of rhizospheric region when contrasted with wild type, while SAR activated chemically did not effect in notable switch in the bacterial community...
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ABSTRACT For over a decade now, agriculture has been the key source of income in India. In a country like India, which is developing now, agriculture provides a huge number of employment opportunities. According to a study, a huge population of the country, around 60-70% of the country depends on agriculture. Most of the work related to farming in India is being done manually because most of the farmers lack the technical knowledge required to do it in a modern...
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Abstract Disease detection is crucial to scale back the losses in agricultural product yield and amount.Plant disease analyses include the study of variations found on the farm. Monitoring the security and identification of infections on plants is incredibly vital for organic farming. Manually, plant diseases can not be tracked simply in farms that contain completely different crops. This wants an enormous quantity of labor, expertise in plant diseases, and additionally needs substantial time interval. As a result, image processing is...
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Eating healthy, clean, and nutrient-rich food fills your body with energy, nutrients, and antioxidants. Imagine your cells smiling back at you and they say: thank you! Unknown. As a construction of a building, plant-based food is one of the special providers that conduct materials to construct the human body. One of the functions of a material is to give a powerful body. The power coming from the reaction that catches from the material that provides from the food. The benefit...
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Soil salinity is a major constraint that adversely affects crop yields in many parts of the world. About one billion hectares of land is adversely affected by salinity worldwide, due to flooding and ocean surge, soil salinity increases by 10% annually (FAO, 1988). High sodium ion (Na+) concentration which is the major cause of salinity is toxic to the plant cell metabolic activities as it imparts both ionic and osmotic stresses that adversely affects plant growth, disrupt the ionic equilibrium...
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Distilled water has a pH of seven (neutral) and most plants grow best with a soil pH of 6, as most have adapted to places in the world with slightly acidic rain. Most plants cannot grow with a pH under six, as necessary micro nutrients for growth usually cannot survive in the acidity. The best pH solution for green beans to grow in will be tested. Water solutions’ pH is easier to control than soil pH and heavily influences the...
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ABSTRACT Inter specific hybridization was made between susceptible greengram variety CO 5 and wild Vigna sp. Crossed seeds were raised in field condition for testing the MYMV incidence. F1 showed dominant resistance reaction against MYMV disease incidence. The field growing F2 populations of C0 5 x wild Vigna sp cross produced a wide range of segregant viz., susceptible, parental and intermediate type. In order to understand whether there are R Gene sequences whose products contain NBS and LRR motifs in...
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Plant rearing is the study of changing the attributes of plants so as to create wanted qualities. It has been utilized to improve the nature of nourishment in items for people and creatures. Plant rearing can be cultivated through various procedures going from essentially choosing plants with alluring qualities for engendering, to strategies that utilize information on hereditary qualities and chromosomes, to progressively complex sub-atomic systems (see cultigen and cultivar). Qualities in a plant are what figure out what kind...
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Ever wonder how humans are affecting biodiversity through their daily tasks? Every day there are workers building new homes, shopping malls, and schools. To have enough space, they’ll have to clear forest out with the animals. This is causing the US tons of money and loss in plants and animals. Although the biodiversity in the United States is decreasing tremendously due to loss and degradation of suitable habitat, it can be slowed down or even stopped, by building sanctuaries, reserving...
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In the late 1800s, the endomembrane system was first discovered by scientist Camillo Golgi, which was the start point of this special type of transport in cell. Endomembrane traffic in eukaryotic cells have many functions within cell growth and plant development, partially as a means of communication and balancing membrane system. (Serge Feyder et al. 2015) Thanks to Randy Schekman and Peter Novick’s work, the secretory pathway in yeast was the first identified trafficking pathway, taking advantage of eukaryotic intracellular...
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Nutrient solutions and fertilizers impact plant growth in many ways. According to Teaming with Nutrients by Jeff Lowenfels, plants that experience nutrient deficiencies, are more likely to experience informalities such as wilted or yellowed leaves. In order for a plant to sustain itself, it must have seventeen main elements. Many everyday fertilizers and nutrient solutions provide these elements. The most commonly seen elements out of the seventeen is the N-P-K trilogy. (N for nitrogen, P for phosphorus, and K for...
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Pant breeding Plant breeding in a simple language is genetic improvement of plants for the best economic productivity. It could also be defined in terms of art and science of changing and improving the hereditary of plants. History Plant breeding was practiced first when people learned to look for superior plants to harvest for seed, thus selection became the earliest method of plant breeding. Primitive efforts in plant selection contributed much to the evolutionary development of each of the cultivated...
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ABSTRACT The plant fitness refers to overall performance of a plant. Essentially it includes three factors, namely growth, reproduction and survival. The plant functional traits are those that define a species in terms of their ecological roles ;that is how they interact with the environment and with other species. Seed size is such an important plant functional trait. The effect of seed size on plant fitness is analysed in this project. The experimental samples taken for the project are Zea...
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Introduction Weeds are unwanted and useless plants that along with the crop plants. Weeds compete with the crops for light and nutrients, besides harboring various pathogen. So it is estimated that the worlds crops yield is reduced by 10-15% due to the presence of weeds. Herbicides are broad spectrum as they can kill wide range of weeds. What are Herbicides? Herbicides are chemicals that are sprays on the garden used to kill weeds. They are generally a last resort for...
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Abstract Plants are thought of to be crucial just like the stock of vitality offer to people. Plant sicknesses will affect the leaf whenever among planting and suspect that winds up in tremendous misfortune on the get together of harvest and affordable cost of market. In this way, plant ailment location assumes a significant job in rural field. In any case, it needs immense men, extra time interim and top to bottom information concerning plant ailments. Thus, machine learning is...
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The beginning of plant transitions happened a couple million years ago,it was hard to figure out the dates because they were not much fossil evidence available to observe and calculate. The cooperative arrangement with fungi aided in the transition and developed into a Bryophytes ,for example, mosses, liverworts and hornworts and Tracheophyta such as ferns and other plants. Most plants transition to land to get more sunlight ( the need for photosynthesis), more carbon dioxide, oxygen, more space to grow,...
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Abstract Pakistan is an agricultural country and the economy of Pakistan is highly depending on its agriculture productivity. Detection of diseases in plants plays a significant role in the agriculture field of Pakistan. Lack of timely and proper care of plants massively affects the output quality, quantity, and productivity. This paper presents an algorithm for the detection and identification of plant leaf disease on the basis of image segmentation and texture analysis. In the first stage, image segmentation is performed...
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There have also been similar experiments that have been conducted in the past. For example, Reinders (1942) and Commoner and coworkers (1943) have collected data showing that potassium ions promoted water uptake by potato slices, thus also increasing their growth rate. They mainly focused on the effect of auxin of the uptake of water from a hyper-tonic solution and found that the effects of auxin on growth was promoted by potassium ions (Parpart 1949). Strengths Since the 25 samples of...
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Photoreceptors in plant In a wide range, plants need light for growth and development. During photosynthesis, plants convert light into energy. Captruing sunlight is mediated by plant photorecpetors, which are plant proteins that perceive, receive, and transmit signals for biological functions in plants. Sveral plant photoreceptors have been reported, among which, phytocrhome and cryptochrome, and phototropin known to perceive red.far-red and blue-light, respectively. Light Controls Protein Localization through Phytochrome-Mediated Alternative Promoter Selection (Ushijima, et al. 2017). Biological fuctions of light...
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Abstract Plant tissue culture, or the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, and their components beneath defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro, is an important tool in both fundamental and connected ponders as well as in commercial application. It was the accessibility of these techniques that driven to the application of tissue culture to five broad zones, specifically, cell behavior (counting cytology, nutrition, digestion system, morphogenesis, embryogenesis, and pathology), plant alteration and advancement, pathogen free plants and germplasm capacity,...
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A Guide to Microorganisms in Plant Biotech for Investors explains the science of CRISPR, the role of microorganisms in plant biotech and particularly how the evolution of these related systems are destined to ensure long term continued food security here in Australia and worldwide. The aim of this case study is to summarise findings from a document review carried out based on several critical topics outlined by ‘Case study topics – Microorganisms in Plant Biotechnology – BVB305 2018’, to try...
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Agriculture is the main source of livelihood in most of the developing countries of the world. Studies indicate that around 60 percent of the world’s population is dependent on it for survival. Increased agricultural production can also significantly boost the economic development of a country. However, achieving desired levels of productivity is a challenge as it is influenced by various factors like climate, pests, diseases amongst many others. Disease is one of the significant factors that can adversely affect the...
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Introduction High levels of salt concentration can have detrimental effects to the plants that are growing there. Rising salinity levels is one of the biggest attributes to the lack of growth within a plant population (Qados 2011). Salt concentrations in soils worldwide create problems each year and lead to loses of crop or even single plants (Garcia, Dattamundi, Chanda, Jayachandran 2019). Salt collects in soils that are artificially watered and once evaporation takes place there is a residue left behind...
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If it came from a plant, eat it; If it was made in a plant, don’t. This is a famous quote by Michael Pollan. This means plants are a food source for all living beings. From tip to toe plants provide foods for us. Because each and every part of a plant such as fruit, flower, leaves, stem, bark and roots provide some sort of nutrients, while acting as the energy source for us. With the modernization of living style...
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Plants are affected by various factors including abiotic and biotic stresses in nature. Due to the recent climate changes, crop production has seriously dropped. One of the many abiotic factors that contributes to this issue is osmotic shock or osmotic stress in plants, which results from salinity, drought, and low temperature (Upadhyaya et al., 2013). Osmotic adjustment plays a significant role in a plant’s water stress response and biomass development, affecting its respiration, ion uptake, photosynthesis and many other vital...
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A diet as an athlete has a critical role in their performance. The focus in today’s society is that meat makes people tough. Dieting is a universal stereotype. How can a plant-based diet give someone enough energy? People should support a plant-based diet because their performance will improve, it will prevent long-term damage to their health and will consume enough protein, antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins if not more than an animal-based diet. An athlete’s performance can improve by switching to...
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INTRODUCTION Plant disease is a dynamic process which affects the normal physiology and vital functions of plants. There are many factors which influence the disease development. Effect of host plant nutrition is one of the major factors among them. Host plant nutrition means the nutrition state of an organism .nutrition plays an inevitable role in the growth and development of plants. Adequate amount of nutrition availability under favourable condition helps plants to prosper. The quantity and quality of nutrients not...
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