What modification was done? Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a long history in application of fermented food products. Progress in gene technology allows their modification by introducing new genes or by modifying their metabolic functions. These modifications are important as may lead to improvements in food technology. LAB are widely used as starter cultures for fermentation in the dairy, meat and other food industries. Their properties have been used to manufacture products like cheese, yoghurts, fermented milk products, beverages, sausages,...
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1885 Words
Bacteria are a type of biological cell. They are microscopic, single celled organisms that can live anywhere. They can reside in the ocean, soil and in human gut. Humans have a relationship with bacteria that is both parasitic and symbiotic. Bacteria are single celled organisms that lack nucleus but have DNA enclosed in a nucleoid or in plasmids. Bacterial cells are generally surrounded by two protective coverings: an outer cell wall and an inner membrane. Some bacteria have flagella which...
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Abstract Water is known to be a popular habitat for many pathogens which pose severe risks to surrounding communities. In this study, a sample of water from a Sydney creek was analysed using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The use of metagenomics targeting the 16s SSU rRNA revealed the presence of over 90,479 bacterial species in our sample, including potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus, Clostridium and Legionella. Further analysis was conducted by culturing our sample until we produced a pure isolate colony. Using...
5 Pages
2407 Words
Billions of nerve cells make up the human brain. They are all connected, however in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) these connections are broken. The result is death of nerve cells and tissue damage which can result in a range of symptoms such as confusion, memory loss and difficulty competing daily tasks. There is currently no cure for AD. Gum disease, also known as periodontitis is the inflammation of the gums and destruction of the alveolar bone possibly leading to tooth loss...
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To determine and evaluate the virulence of the bacterial isolates against Cx. quinquefasciatus, the bioassay tests were carried out at 30 ± 1°C; against 100 late third instar larvae kept in 1000 ml sterile distilled water in glass beakers. Mortality was recorded at 24h intervals. 5 ml suspension (containing ≈109 bacteria/ml) of each of the bacterial isolates was mixed with each 1000 ml of water in the beakers containing 100 larvae within. Each of the tests was replicated three times...
4 Pages
1826 Words
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ABSTRACT Biological degradation is generally considered as a phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms particularly microbes especially bacteria or fungi. The presence of plastic or polymer wastes in the environment brings about a challenge to wastewater treatment plants and pollution of groundwater and surface water. This work dedicated on the rise process of biodegradation by some synthetic polymers obtained from Plastic bottle waste and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) which are non-biodegradable. In this study, bacteria have been...
4 Pages
1903 Words
Microorganisms are extremely minute lifeforms which are omnipresent. These lifeforms exist in the most varied habitats of the world. Soil, water, excreta, etc are some of the richest sources of microorganisms especially of a wide variety of bacteria. A number of microbiological techniques are employed for the isolation and characterization of bacteria. Bacteria can be allowed to grow and multiply in the laboratory in a controlled environment. A pure culture of such colonies can be obtained using techniques such as...
5 Pages
2228 Words
Introduction The first Antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 (Fleming, 1929). Since then, doctors were able to save millions of lives. However it didn’t take long until the threat of infections return back when some bacteria strains were found not susceptible to penicillin. Before penicillin started to be used clinically to treat infections 1943, bacterial resistance has already been described by some researchers in 1940. In 1962, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated in USA. But...
6 Pages
2881 Words
While researching for this paper, I’ve learned a little bit more about the history of dental carries and its effects on us even in the early days. I found a few authors who took time to really study the behaviours of oral bacteria that lives in our mouth. This paper also tells the importance of being well educated regarding our oral health. As we all know that bacteria were the first living things on Earth way back a few hundred...
3 Pages
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A variety of health problems in human beings have resulted from the pollution of the environment caused by diesel oil. This paper provides a summary of a study on the action of degradation that occurs as a result of the action of bacteria on diesel in the presence of waste food materials. During the experiment, the author aimed towards several findings that were very important in developing a concrete conclusion of the results obtained from the analysis. What is the...
2 Pages
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How to prevent and what effects does E. coli produce on the body? The main origin of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli outbreaks are raw or undercooked meat products, raw milk and faecal-contaminated vegetables. Considering that the E. Coli bacteria we all have in our body. We can cite the most important themes that should be known about this bacterium as: panoramic about E. coli, symptoms and sources of transmission, and prevention. E. coli that is a member of the enterobacteria...
2 Pages
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Abstract In the process of agar preparation, the agar powder was used along with the distilled water. Both were poured together in big flask and mixed well. Then, the flask was put in autoclave machine for sterilization with loosely closed stopper. After autoclaving, the solution was transferred to the Petri dishes. Then, petri dishes were put in incubator. The gram staining was performed next to the process of autoclaving. Introduction The experiments were performed for the growth of the bacteria...
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INTRODUCTION The main goal of this experiment was to separate strain from a natural and the existence of living microbes which are present in the environment. The natural environment has a lot of bacteria suspended in the air. The surfaces around the lab can have capability of contamination too. In this experiment, microorganisms were taken from different sources to determine how growth of bacteria can grow from the surrounding environment. This method is important because it enables recombination of DNA...
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Since the invention of mobile cell phones, people have been carrying them wherever they go and using them for long periods of time throughout the day. Today’s cell phones can do everything from making a phone call across the world, to searching the internet and taking high definition photographs of anything in sight. Cell phones also have applications that people do want to close out of, like video games and social media. On average, an American spends four hours on...
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Introduction Human Growth Hormone (HGH) is used medically to treat patients and especially children who suffer from pituitary deficiency. This hormone considered to be a protein which contains a specific molecular weight of 22,000 which is extracted or taken from the human pituitary glands (Dr. David Goeddel, 1979) . It was produced using molecular biological techniques derived from a specific bacteria and it was announced by the formal communication of Genentech’s results to a specific community at Miles’s Symposium. In...
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Bacterium is any domain called bacteria with predominantly circular, curved or rod-shaped; prokaryotic microorganisms that norms are soil, water, organic material, or plant or animal organs, that make their very own meals from the light of the sun or are saprophytic or parasitic is often motivated by flagella. Bacteria do not have a cellular membrane or fiber tied bodies and when there is a tissue wall, they are categorized as being gram-positive or gram-negative. Although many bacteria are oxygen-based, many...
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Bacteria – these are single cell microorganism that come in many shapes and forms these can be ball, rod or spiral shaped. most bacteria’s are not harmful and some can be helpful less than 1 percent of these are infectious which can multiply in the body leading to disease. They can produce toxins that can make someone very ill. bacteria can be spread by coughing, sneezing, surfaces and skin contact, bodily fluids e.g. blood and saliva or even sexual intercourse....
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Streptococci species are commonly isolated on Blood agar, a commonly used media in microbiology laboratories. Blood agar is composed of Tryptic Soy mixed with 5% of sheep red blood cells. This media is not only used to isolate streptococci, but also staphylococci species of bacteria via hemolysis which refers to the breakdown of red blood cells in enriched agar base surrounding bacterial colonies (Gera and McIver 2013). The haemolytic properties of blood agar detect Streptococci bacteria. The process is mediated...
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Abstract With people suffering from the lack of clean water or people that are not sure if the water they are drinking is indeed safe, therefore many people catch illnesses caused by unsafe water. By having enough knowledge about the quality of water they drink, they can avoid these situations. The device aims to detect the pH levels of water to determine if it is safe to drink. This study used the ADDIE Developmental Design to allow further enhancements and...
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Introduction Production of curd by using Bacterial Probiotics Acidification of milk is one of the methods used in preservation of milk. Acidification, gives the milk a sour taste and it is achieved by bacterial fermentation or by the addition of an acid (for example: lemon juice or vinegar). The acid causes milk to coagulate and solidify fully or partially. Coagulation of milk inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and improves the dairy product’s shelf life. Soured milk that is produced...
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Though many people may believe that there are other major factors that are a threat to mankind and viruses are not even a major issue, they actually are. I totally agree that they are one of the biggest threats to mankind as they can be extremely harmful based on the type and they are the cause for hundreds of deaths nowadays. The following are worldwide statistics on this issue. “Worldwide, these annual epidemics are estimated to result in about 3...
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Unfortunately, some of these adaptations can wreak havoc on our bodies in many cases bacteria might gain or develop enhanced virulence factors, which allow them to more. Effectively cause disease virulent bacteria by definition grow and Thrive at the expense of their hosts. For instance Some bacteria might release toxins that can travel through the blood causing life-threatening disease Others might be able to directly degrade our tissues or trigger aggressive Cascades within our immune system. In fact in many...
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INTRODUCTION Folate is a water-soluble B- vitamin which has an essential nutritional function in the human body, especially very important for pregnant women and lactating mothers. The major sources of folate are green leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, egg yolk, wheat germ, milk and milk products, and yeast (Lin & Young, 2000). Folate deficiency is a global issue especially from developing countries, where the low folate intake has been linked with health disorders such as cancer, anemia, cardiovascular diseases, or neural...
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A few years back, the products labelled “probiotic” have become popular due to their ability in stimulating the growth of beneficial flora in the gut. Such products are Yakult, Vitagen and probiotics supplement pill. Then, I realize that bacteria in probiotic products are from a group known as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). LAB can be found in food and feed fermentation and most of them are beneficial microorganism. (Sampo Lahtinen et.al. , 2012) Foods such as tempeh, kimchi, miso and...
2 Pages
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What are the various ways we use microbes in our daily lives and how we use them to our advantage? Well for starters in the food industry specifically in food production nature uses microorganisms to carry out fermentation processes, and for thousand of years mankind has used yeasts, molds and bacteria to make food products such as bread, beer, wine, vinegar, yogurt and cheese, as well as fermented fish, meat and vegetables. Fermentation is one of the oldest transformation and...
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Bacteria are thought to be the initial occupants of planet earth. They first appeared some 4 billion years ago, when the earth was void and just an empty wasteland. Bacteria are everywhere, from our stomachs, to the food we eat, to our toilet seats. And while a large percentage of them are necessary for life to exist, yet another percentage are harmful and detrimental to life. As such, there is a need to protect ourselves from them if we are...
2 Pages
864 Words
Plants are affected by various factors including abiotic and biotic stresses in nature. Due to the recent climate changes, crop production has seriously dropped. One of the many abiotic factors that contributes to this issue is osmotic shock or osmotic stress in plants, which results from salinity, drought, and low temperature (Upadhyaya et al., 2013). Osmotic adjustment plays a significant role in a plant’s water stress response and biomass development, affecting its respiration, ion uptake, photosynthesis and many other vital...
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Fast foods are able to eat foods that prepared and sold by vendors on streets and similar public places.They provide a source of able to eat, top quality and nutritional value meals with reasonable price, while giving an honest income for the vendors (Swanepoel et al., 1998). They feed tons of consumers daily with a good sort of RTE foods; dependence on such foods is more interesting in its convenience than in its safety and hygiene (Mensah et al., 2002)....
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Introduction Although macroscopically, ecosystems on Earth appear to be composed of plants and animals, there are some key players that exist beyond what we can see. Bacteria are tiny, single celled microbes that help all life exist. They have a very simple structure with no nucleus, a structure that protects the DNA in more complex cells. Bacteria range from helpful organisms that break down dead material and provide food for ecosystems to pathogenic bacteria that can cause disease. When most...
5 Pages
2132 Words
Enterococci are facultative anaerobic and Gram-positive bacteria often forming normal fecal flora of humans. However, these bacteria are increasingly appearing as primary pathogens among patients with compromised immune systems (Hemalatha, Bhaskaran, Sowmiya, & Anusheela Howlader, 2017). This manifestation is believed to be due to its resistance to various antibiotics along with its ability to form biofilms and acquiring some virulence factors (Santajit & Indrawattana, 2016). Enterococci in hospitals lead to the urinary tract, soft tissue, and bacteremia infection in patients...
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551 Words
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