Essay on Causes and Effects of Unemployment

The purpose of the study is to state the relationships between unemployment and depression. The addition of the unemployment and the educational status of the participants will be conducted. In this study, the relationships between depression and unemployment which are divided into subgroups that are graduated from primary school – secondary school, high school, or university will be measured. The importance of the study is that mental health is an important component of being healthy people and so, employment is also an important component of life steam to taking a life to hand. Unemployment can be associated with depression because when people do not have a job, they can feel useless and lack self-confidence; therefore, it can be related to depression. Furthermore, in the study, 180 participants divided into two groups, and two groups divided into three subgroups years will be used. Those participants have to be older than 18 years. Both demographical questionnaires and the Beck Depression Inventory will be applied. The websites (like Kariyer.net) will be used to reach participants in an online way. Two-by-three ANOVA will be used in SPSS to analyze the data. The results will be expected that people who are highly educated and unemployed have more tendency to be depressive.

The period in which we live is a very difficult period for people to hold on to life because there are certain reasons such as hunger, and daily life troubles. One of the examples of daily life troubles is unemployment. Unemployment can cause a shortage of livelihoods. In particular, the shortage of livelihoods and the expense of life can trigger psychological distress in most people. One of the psychological problems is depression. This research will cover the interaction between depression levels and unemployment who are of different educational statuses. This study will determine whether

One in four people in the world has one or more mental and behavioral problems during their lifetime (Gültekin, 2010). State of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2018), mental health is that the being awareness of/own potential can handle stress which encounter a normal lifetime, able to work effectively, can give good support to the/community (Thill & Houssemand , 2019). Also, according to a statement by WHO (2017), depression is a public problem because it takes a lifetime and causes weakness. Depression is a disease associated with feelings such as tiredness, sadness, and guilt, and also, it can also be triggered by the death of someone loved, neglect of the childless, a problem with a job, or an important phenomenon in life (Singh & Puneetpal; Mastana, Sarabjit & Sharjah,2015).

Furthermore, in the 21st century, unemployment is one of the biggest problems in society all around the world. (Çizel, Güzeller & Mütevellioğlu, 2011). In addition, Çizel et al. (2007) statement specified that one of the important problems is unemployment in societies that have different levels of development in recent years. 190 million people all around the world face the unemployment problem which means that the rate of unemployment will be 6 % by the end of 2007 (Duruel & Kara, 2010). International Labour Organization stated that in guidelines, according to the statement of Eurostat (2018), the definition of unemployment is someone who has not the work during the reference weeks is the ages 15 and 74 in the range. The person also looking at the work last four weeks and can start to work in of following two weeks (Thill & Houssemand,2019). Also, the statement from Kavak, (1997) that low-educated people find a job is more hard than high educated people.

In addition to further paragraphs, according to lifestream unemployment is bad for both unemployed people and their social or family environment in terms of lack of confidence since they can feel useless and uncontrollable in their life; therefore, their mental health can be damaged. According to Avision (2001), the effect of unemployment on people‘s mental health should be determined. There are several reasons for being depressed. One of them in the research from Çelikkol (2001), unemployment affects people who are in a group that is low socio-economic more because of changes in finding a job, so they feel less social assurance (Güler, 2011). It can be observed in that research that people of low socio-economic status need to have a job to maintain their lives. Other research about the effect of unemployment on different age ranges was covered by Rowley and Feather (1987) stated that middle-aged people are more likely to be depressive people than younger people because of more devotion to their jobs, also stated that depending on the period of unemployment was an increase, self-respect decrease, and psychological problems increase (Bato Çizel, Güzeller & Mütevellioğlu,2011). The reason behind those results can be older people have habits; therefore, it is hard to leave their habits, and people can feel lonely after leaving to jobs which can affect their psychology. Also, other research added the information about duration of unemployment. According to Thill and Houssemand (2019), unemployment duration and the effect of unemployment on mental health negative, and the relation between unemployment duration and mental health has two major bodies which are adaptation or habituation were seen on unemployment people (Clark, Georgellis, & Sanfey, 2001; De Witte, Hooge, & Vanbelle, 2010). On the other hand, the duration of unemployment and having bad mental health were directly proportional which means that duration of the unemployment situation continues for a long time, people can be affected by depression (Hepworth, 1980; McKeeRyan et al., 2005; Warr & Jackson, 1984). Depression can be associated with physical harm to unemployed people. According to the report from the Policy Studies Institute, although young people have healthier lives, unemployed young people are more likely to have problems of health, be nervous, be depressive, smoke, and commit suicide than young people who have a job. (Guler, 2011). In addition, other research added the information about duration of unemployment. Moreover, from another perspective, the result of research conducted by Viinikainen, Brayson, Böckerman, Elovainioc, Pitkänend, Lehtimäkie, Raitakarif, and Pehkonen (2018) was people who took less education had more tendency to have symptoms of depression.

Lastly, it is important to examine in the conducted studies about the relationship between unemployment and depression. People can feel less self-confident and feel useless, or long-term employment can trigger being a depressive person especially if the person has a strong relationship with her/his job. People may be affected by their socioeconomic stated because of not having social assurance. Therefore, it can be said that unemployed people are more likely to be depressed than people having a job. It has also a relationship between educational status and depression in the unemployment duration.

The young population in the world is increasing day by day and the opportunity to find a job is decreasing. In addition to the decrease in opportunity, current researches show us depression and unemployment are related. In this study, it will be measured if there are any relationships between depression and unemployment by giving an educational status which is graduated from primary school – secondary school, high school, or university.

Method

Participants

In the research, 180 participants will be used. The age of participants has to be bigger than 18 age. It will be stratified random sampling because participants in the study are divided into subgroups. In 180 participants will be divided into two groups which are people who have jobs and have no jobs. In addition, a job group divided also three groups including thirty people in each group which are graduated from primary school or secondary school, graduated from high school, and graduated from university. In addition to having a job group, it is also divided into three groups including thirty people in each group who have graduated from primary school or secondary school, high school, and graduated from university.

Measure/ Stimuli

Measurement will be two. First, the demographical questionnaires will be asked to fill out. Second, The Beck Depression Inventory will be used.

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Demographical Questionnaires

In the demographical questionnaires, age, educational status, gender, revenue, having a child or not (if have a child, how many children the participants have), profession, and working condition (if not having a job, duration of the unemployment), socio-economic status will be asked.

The Beck Depression Inventory

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was created in 1961 by Beck and friends. BDI which uses the Likert Scale has twenty-one symptoms fifteen are somatic, other six ones psychological symptoms. Between 0-3 points are given to participants and the points are collected to obtain between zero to 63 points. According to the results of the test, it is stated that there is minimal depression between 0-9, mild depression between 10-16, moderate depression between 17-21, and severe depression between 30-63. BDI was adapted and converted by Şahin Hisli. Another study was covered by Aktürk, Dağdeviren, Türe, and Tuğlu (2005) Turkish BDI-BB scale, faculty members; psychiatry, statistics, and family medicine residents; university students and individuals who applied to the family medicine policlinic were asked to answer 10 questions given to a volunteer group of 20; for example, What are your general opinions about the survey? What do you think about the explanations? The results showed that it was acceptable. In the same study, reliability was applied to 50 literate individuals over the age of 18 with 21 questions and the results were similar to the previous Steer and Friends conducted (1999) study. Also, in the original study’s coefficient of Cronbach’s alpha in BDI is .92, and the adopted study’s coefficient of Cronbach’s alpha in BDI is .80.

Procedures

First, permission will be taken to apply the scale in the study. Second, the approval of the study will be obtained from the ethics committee. Then, websites like Kariyer.net or Işkur will be reached and asked if can they send the questionnaires about demographical issues and The Beck Depression Inventory. The reached participants will receive questionnaires with e-mail accounts, and they will fill them out online.

Planned Analysis

In the research, the relationships between being a jobless person divided into subcategories which are educational status and the phenomenon being of depression. In addition, the research is designed two by three. That’s why, the used analysis in SPSS will be two by two-by-three ANOVA modal to do a more sufficient measurement since the two-by-three ANOVA modal is used for studies that are continuous scale (BDI) and have more than one dependent variable and more than one independent variable. The reason behind the measurement style used is that the study will be conducted in two fundamental groups and those two groups divided into three subgroups and the groups will be compared in terms of educational status on depression level if they are jobless. The expected result of the study is unemployed people and also having a high educational status people are more likely to be depressive.

Discussion

The parallel study of the hypothesis in this research was covered by Tekin Tayfun and Korkmaz (2016) unemployment affects those between ages 15-24 because education becomes compulsory; that’s why, the amount of qualified people increases; however, the opportunity for job decrease and so, that people may not find a job which is not equivalent to their education level; thus, it can affect their depression level. At the same time, the mentioned studies will refute the hypothesis, one of them covered by Viinikainen et al. (2018) stated less educated people are more likely to suffer from depression; furthermore, another example is that Rodwley and Feather (1987) stated that the increase of the age can be affected by depression rather than younger people.

Limitation

The hypothesis can be affected by limits. For example, duration of the unemployment affects the results either negatively or positively because people can be tired when trying to find a job and feel more depressed. The reason for being jobless (quitting a job, getting the sack, etc.) also affects people’s depression level because when people leave the job unwillingly, it can affect people negatively. The other experiences in their environment may be confounding variables in the study because the bad time of task can affect other experiences. Also, socioeconomic status can be important because if people do have not any assurance, they are more likely to be depressive. In addition to socio-economic status, gender also can be affected since female people have found work more difficult in recent days.

Implication

The study can be utilized using that person who is depressed during the unemployment process will be detected and then applying the treatment to their depression processes can affect working efficiency.

Future Direction

In addition to the research, looking at the participants department, and unemployment how affects social relationships. The gender differences might be added in the future study. Also, different from those suggestions, the fair of unemployment can be added.

Reference

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