INTRODUCTION
The aim of this research paper is to evaluate, the critical areas related to, ‘The effects of competing risks on astronauts and cosmonauts.’ In above mentioned research which is a part of the area for the study in, Life Sciences in Space Research, it has been mentioned about the effects for the lives of our spaceman researchers.
I have structured this research paper as following sub topics research method, motivation, problems, solution suggested, main contribution, identifying clarity.
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RESEARCH METHOD
The research paper mentions about the data it has collected for the past years from different space research centers from all over the world. It is an emphasis of various numerical and statistical data with some theoretical aspects with experiences observed. Which suggests to a quantitative type of research approach.
WORK MOTIVATION
The main objective of the paper was to give an in-depth idea for how the mortality for deadly diseases like cancer or cardiovascular illnesses and resistance of the space explorers is changing when compared to the normal population living on earth with similar healthy lifestyle.
Secondly, they have conducted tests on the external causes and natural causes of death as compared to the tests analysis results that of the astronauts and cosmonauts from 1959. With checking for the results are not biased on any covariates. By doing tests on a selectively characterised persons, they wanted to understand if it can be improved in any way to help the future generation of the astronauts or cosmonauts to examine periodically for the effects of living in space.
PROBLEMS
In the research paper they have conducted tests specifically for major Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD) and Cancer for if the cells generating the diseases are formed, not the cells if already developed but reduced potential with the exposure to outer space.
The tests done on journalists and travellers for single time journey excludes the tests. Whereas, they could have also added it to check whether it matters if the duration of flights stays of short time could make any difference to mortality.
Also, similarly the astronauts from other corresponding international space centres were not considered for tests, which could give the researchers a better idea of whether the astronauts and cosmonauts previous lifestyle in different environment could cause any other results when returned from space.
SOLUTION AND EVALUATION
As per the study population for the astronauts and cosmonauts conducted for the past 50 years, if considered the potential risk of getting a cancer and heart attacks at the early age was comparatively low because of the active lifestyle. Hence, it may cause the ability to produce the low risk of getting any internal diseases rather than external. Therefore, they have taken measures to be considered for the evaluation of results after 50 years, through which the results would be different. The covariates of who died of external causes like exposure to radiation as of those with internal causes like heart attacks. They tackled this with segregating the tests methods with uncorrected chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis and equal variance using F-tests. Shown in the (Table 1) from the paper it shows the comparison between external and natural values of astronauts and cosmonauts from distinguishing characteristics with attributes age, highest education, ethnicity.
To evaluate the risk of temporal distribution of death by cause, the authors did characterisation of deaths with time and age at death which separated the result to eliminate the biased estimation of the causes. Shown in (fig 2) the authors have demonstrated patterns of mortality. Which is distinguished by natural and external deaths with specific deaths containing a data of decade for the astronauts and cosmonauts. Kaplan-Meier’s cause specific survival curves shows exactly how the death rate of the astronauts and cosmonauts is reduced for the disease caused with exposure to the outer space.
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