A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in the last few decades, dealing with how positive and negative emotions mold individuals in an unexpected manner, with the prospective to create a theory shift in assessment of decision theories. The review reveals that emotions constitute dominant, persistent, and conventional drivers of decision making thus affecting an indivdual. Across different domains, important regularities appear in the mechanisms through which emotions influence judgments and choices. The present paper organizes and analyzes what has been learned from the past years of work on positive and negative emotions and correlation of how these emotions affect individuals . It also proposes an integrated mode of how various factors become responsible in making the emotions linking with mind and eventually with the well being of an individual.
Positive emotions are not simply “happy feelings” that we chase to feel momentary pleasure; like the more negative emotions play a significant role in everyday life. There are many ways to define “emotion,” but they generally fall into one of two camps:
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· Emotions are a state or feeling that cannot be conjured up at will, or;
· Emotions are attitudes or responses to a situation or an object, like judgment
The prosperity of benefits of positive emotions is well acknowledged. They develop physical health. They promote trust and compassion. They buffer against depressive symptoms and help people recuperate from stress. They can even undo the detrimental effects of negative emotions. With frequent experience and expression of positive emotions comes resilience and resourcefulness. Moreover, positive emotions foster better social connectedness.
Broaden and build theory of positive emotions is a model for us to understand the process behind positive emotions in our minds and bodies. It enhances one’s capability to know the varied thoughts and actions and in overtime it helps us to enhance our skills and resources. For example, an interest about particular scenery becomes a part of precious navigational knowledge; pleasing connection with a stranger becomes a caring friendship. Positive emotions rarely occur in life-threatening situations. However, it has a supportive effect: positive emotions broaden the line-up of thoughts and actions that come to mind. Happiness, for example, builds the desire to have fun, and helps us find new information and experience new things by exploring ourselves in meantime. Love- looked at as a combination of different positive emotions (e.g. happiness, attentiveness and satisfaction) experienced within a condition of safe, close relationship- makes a desire in us to play with, explore and be with our loved ones. Such various thought-action inclination- to play, explore and to be- each of them depicts the method of positive emotions that widen persistent mode of analyzing or acting.
Negative emotion or affect is the experience of feeling negative emotions such as anger, frustration, guilt, nervousness and fear. Inducing negative emotions in your users as they experience your user interface is one of many ways your product could fail. Therefore, it is important to learn how to prevent negative affect in your user experience and induce positive emotions instead. Negative emotions can be described as any feeling which causes you to be miserable and sad.
Emotions that can become negative are hate, anger, jealousy and sadness. Yet, in the right context, these feelings are completely natural. Negative emotions can dampen our enthusiasm for life, depending on how long we let them affect us and the way we choose to express them.
In this paper we will look at the negative or positive aspects which deal with emotions. We believe that positive psychology is only about positive emotions but it isn’t the only focus under the emotional aspect. Negative emotions are necessary in life as it is a part of a person’s experience to make his/her life a complete one. The study about emotions is being taken place from several of years and we have known fairly about it but the shocking part is that we do not get the idea of the necessity of both emotions (negative and positive) for well-being of ourselves. Positive psychology keeps a track of negative emotions along with positive. As it is more important for us to know how to enhance our positive emotions and take lead of the chance they bring, it’s just important as to learn how to adjust from negative emotions and survive with them successfully. The moment we start to acquire, adapt and manage both our positive and negative emotions and grasp the importance of turning negative emotions into positive experience, we tend to bring a balanced and purposeful life.
A regular stereotype which is followed by the major section of the society says that women are considered to be emotionally unstable (specifically to negative emotions) when compared with men. Studies based on gender differences consider both the emotional experiences and expressivity associated with an individual. The eight basic emotions were taken as essential factors for the study which includes sadness, anger, horror, disgust, neutrality, amusement, surprise and pleasure. The measurement referred to study the link incorporated both subjective and the objective aspects of the experiment. Heart rate was used as the prime physiological stimuli as it is presently the most applicable autonomic nervous system marker of emotional processing.
The experiment was conducted with the help of several participants from Beijing Normal university through ads as volunteers which included a total of 110 volunteers but only 79 were selected out of the total due to the insertion criterion set up by the Beck depression inventory and Toronto Alexithymia Scale which suggested that people with depression and alexthymia cannot precisely convey their emotions. The final selection had a total of 79 (31 males and 48 females). It was conducted by asking the volunteers to watch video clips which were capable of inducing the above mentioned emotions, for each of the type two video clips were used between 60 and 245 seconds length which could provide enough time for recording physiological stimuli of an individual.
The volunteers viewed the clips in a space with suitable illumination. All of them were seated in isolation and the videos were shown on a 14 inch computer screen. The participants had all the liberty to discontinue if they establish any kind of discomfort created by the videos. Prior to watch each of the clip the participants were shown a blank screen for allowing them to get over their pre occupied minds due to previous clips. All of them were asked to complete their self report inventory which used the self assessment manikin for the participants to rate their emotions regarding the video they watched wherein a 9 point likert scale ranging from 1(not at all) to 9(very much), the scale was based on how happy to how unhappy the person was and so on. The heart rate was obtained using the BIOPACMP150 system and was assessed by a three lead ECG with a lead II Configuration with4.0 software.
To eliminate the gender differences in the stimuli patterns the results of neutral videos were used as control or standard. The dependent variable be the difference-value (D-value), which depicts to keep a tally for former The tally were premeditated before types of emotion minus that for neutrality. Performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA)..Four detached varied ANOVA tests of gender (men and women) and emotion type (sadness, anger, amusement, surprise, horror, disgust, and pleasure) were performed for the valence, arousal, motivation, and HR). Emotion kind was within-subjects factor. The link between the subjective scale scores and physiological responses were demonstrated this way. All the numerous pair wise comparisons were performed using Bonferroni’s correction. The uncorrected level of statistical significance was set at p < .05.
[bookmark: article1.body1.sec5.p1]Emotional experience refers primarily to an individual's physiological arousal evoked by external response and emotional expressivity is the peripheral expression of individual experiences. It was explained that females are more sensitive to negative response, and this increased sensitivity disrupts with their dealing out of negative emotions. Electrophysiological studies have proved that women show evidence of superior galvanic skin response and an high heart rate when watching movies that induce feelings of sadness, and their heart rate is also high in response to movies that induce feelings of disgust. On the other hand, rising number of studies have revealed that men display further severe emotional reactions, chiefly to stimuli that are supposed to be aggressive or erotic. The arousing responses elicited by emotional videos were contradictory among emotional awareness and emotional expressivity. Men had stronger emotional experiences, whereas women had stronger emotional expressivity. Gender differences in emotional experience and emotional expressivity depended on specific types of emotion, not only the valence.
Human psychobiology is a new branch of science which deals with the study of well-being and happiness genetically. According to many studies it has been proven that an earlier known gene sequence can help people out to recognize emotional aspects out of which negatives aspects stands out chiefly.
A recent twin study has proposed that genetic approach is responsible for about 35-50% of well-being. In a recent inquiry, well-being of a person was measured in a birth record based sample of about thousand middle-aged twins using different aspects of well-being of a person like, financial status, education, marital status and family income. They found out that nearly not more than 3% attain their well-being regarding these aspects. However, around 44-52% of the people’s well-being was connected genetically. When twins were retested after few years, they found that the heritability of well-being approaches 80%.
According to a study done by Rebecca Todd, a professor in UBC’s Department of Psychology, the ADRA2b deletion variant gene which has an effect on the hormone and neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Earlier it was found that this gene was responsible for the formation of emotional memories. The recent study regarding this deletion variant shows that it plays a part in real-time notion. Todd says that, “people really do see the world differently”, “For people with this gene variation, the emotionally relevant things in the world stand out much more.”
When a study was made and the brains of 39 participants were scanned, it was found that 21 participants were carriers of the deletion variant gene. Carriers of this variant gene shows significant action in a part of the brain which is in charge of emotions. Todd believes that this explains why some people are more prone to Post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following disturbing experiences.
Todd even looks at some of the useful aspect of the gene variant and says that, “People who have the deletion variant are drawing on an additional network in their brains important for calculating the emotional relevance of things in the world. In any situation where noticing what's relevant in the environment is important, this gene variation would be a positive.'
It is observed that the genetic aspect in humans play an important role in a person's well-being. It has been proven that 35-50% of the well-being is because of genetic aspects. There are many genes which are responsible for well-being. According to Todd's analysis we found that maximum segment of the people were part of the carriers of the deletion variant gene which was responsible for the action in a part of the brain which is in charge of emotions. It is further stated and explained that this gene is not only responsible for the negative feedback but also for the positive feedback among certain individual.
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