Toxicity Of Heavy Metals Pollutants In Textile Industrial Effluents

Abstract

The textile industries mainly generate huge quantities of untreated wastewater leading to increased water pollution and human diseases in India.The present study deals with the collection of textile industry effluent and its characterization to find out the heavy metal load generated from textile industries, on the natural waste water streams. The major pollution indicating parameters and heavy metals were analyzed. The estimated parameters were compared with the stipulated standard values put forth by CPCB & Bureau of Indian Standards. Also this paper included the case study of textile dyeing industry, Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. The textile industrial effluent sample, water sample before release of effluent & water sample after the effluent was being released into fresh water have been assessed. It has collected periodically and analyzed for their heavy metals concentrations like Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn) mercury (Hg), cobalt (co). In this study, the concentration of each of the metals varies in all these samples. The concentration of Lead & Cromium was found to be high where as nickel was not detected in the samples. Remaining metals showed variations in their concentrations.

Introduction

Increasing industrialization and urbanization leads to environmental pollution. Textile processing industries largely employ dyes. They are aromatic hydrocarbons, derivatives of benzene, toluene naphthalene, phenol and aniline. The discharge of toxic effluents from various industries adversely affects water resources, soil fertility, aquatic organisms and ecosystem integrity. Among the various industries textile dyeing industries discharge large volume of wastewater after dyeing process. There are large numbers of mechanical and chemical processes involved in the textile industry and each process has impact on the environment. Heavy metals also released from various industry. Heavy metals include Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Molybdenum, Chromium etc. They cause soil as well as water pollution. After industrial revolution heavy metals causes serious impact on the environment which is adversely effects on plant, animal as well as human.

Awareness in environmental problems has increased considerably now a days and has become an important issue in the textile trade due to various environmental and health problems. Effluents are generally alkaline and pungent smelling colored by chemicals. Some of the chemicals including dyes are toxic and can lower the dissolved oxygen content of receiving water, threaten aquatic life and damage water quality. Most of these dyes have not been characterized regarding their chemical nature, purity, possible toxicity or their impact on health and the environment. Yet they are widely used by textile, leather, paint and even the food industry. Textile industrial effluent consists of a group of xenobiotic compounds which are recalcitrant in biodegradation process. They possess toxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity to aquatic organisms like fish, algae, bacteria as well as animals. Toxic compounds from dye effluent get into aquatic organisms, pass through food chain and ultimately reach man and cause various physiological disorders like hypertension, sporadic fever, renal damage, cramps etc. The water pollution by textile processing industry is mainly attributed to the various wet processing operations like desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dying and printing which leads to contamination of the freshwater and impacts on its quality.

The main purpose of study is to compare heavy metal concentration of industrial effluent water sample released in fresh water, of Ichalkaranji. The effluents from most of the above industries get in the Panchganga river through a Chandur nallah of Industrial Estate Area. The water pollution is mainly caused by discharging the effluent into various receiving bodies like public sewers, inland surface water like rivers, nallahs etc.The results are expected to create awareness among the public on the safety of drinking water, consuming vegetables and crop plants grown in such areas.

Materials And Methods

Study Site

Ichalkaranji is located at 16.7°N 74.47°E. It has an average elevation of 538 meters (1768 ft). Ichalkaranji (Hatkanangale T.; 16° 40' N; 74° 25' E; p. 27,423; an 8.7 square miles), lies in the Panchganga valley about eighteen miles (29 km) east of Kolhapur and half a mile north of the river.The Ichalkaranji is the Manchester city of India which is located in the 10 km south east of railway station of Hatkanangale tahsil in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra state.

Sampling

Three representative sites [Industrial area (IA), Chandur where effluent mixed with river and Panchaganga river site] were selected for the collection of water samples. From each area samples were collected between the gap of two to three months. The physico chemical parameters like pH, TDS, Turbidity, Acidity and Alkanilty, hardness, Chlorides, COD, BOD were determined once.The analytical methods involved were standard procedures by APHA. The samples were collected in polyethylene bottles previously cleaned by washing in non-ionic detergent, rinsed with deionized water prior to usage. Heavy metals like Cupper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn) and Arsenic (As) were analyzed in effluent samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Atomize the samples and determine their absorbance.

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Results and discussion

Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) are widely used for production of colour pigments of textile dyes. In this study, three different water samples, collected from ichalkaranji were analyzed for heavy metals between the gap of two to three months. Metals like Cupper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn) and mercury (Hg) were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, results (in mg/l) are shown in Table-1 to 5. As per table 1, the value of Nickel metal was recorded from 0.0 – 0.20 mg/l for river sample to industrial effluent sample. In month of august effluents of eight textile industry of showed quite high concentration of nickel 0.20mg/l as compared to December where it showed minimum concentration respectively.

In the current study, Chromium concentration shows variations in all three samples in considering months. It shows higher concentration in effluent samples from 0.67 mg/l to 0.021 mg/l, where as it shows low concentration in river sample in the month of December(0.005mgl).In the sample of chandur it shows highest value of Cr(0.23mg/l). Lead is a major chemical pollutant of the environment and is highly toxic to humans. In the current study, Lead (Pb) found in all textile industrial effluents, where it ranges from0.39 mg/l to 0.15mg/l. In river sample it shows highest concentration in the month of march. Lead is harmful and toxic for the kidney cardiovascular and is transported through the blood. Nickel-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, with an emphasis on the generation and role of reactive oxygen species is reviewed. Nickel Concentration in textile effluent samples varies from 0.11 mg/l to 0.22 mg/l. Iron toxicity is also associated with joint disease (arthropathy), arrhythmia, heart failure, increased atherosclerosis risk, and increases in the risk of liver, breast, gastrointestinal, and hematologic cancers. The values of Iron metal was recorded only in the month of august where it shows highest concentration in effluent as 1.2mg/l andin river sample it shows minimum concentration as 0.001 respectively. The concentration of Zinc was found in industrial effluent sample ranges of 0.13 – 0.068 mg/l.It was not detected in river sample in the month of july. Zn is also essential element for the human being. Cadmium is also an another very toxic and carcinogen metal for human.

The textile effluent sample have Cadmium concentration 0.35 mg/l – 0.0786 mg/l.It also shows highest concentration 0.21 mg/l in the month of august in the sample of chandur .In the river sample it shows concentration from0.006 mg/l (july) to 0.001 mg/l (august).Cadmium accumulates in the human body affecting negatively several organs: liver, kidney, lung, bones, placenta, brain and the central nervous system [4]. Heavy Metal Arsenic is toxic and carcinogen can cause cancer of the skin, lungs, liver and bladder [4]. In the current study, Arsenic is not determined in any textile industries effluent sample. Cobalt is essential element for the human metabolism system. As per table 2 to 5, the value of Cobalt metal was recorded from 0.18 – 0.020 mg/l for textile industrial area which was quite high.The cobalt concentration from water sample taken at chandur was recorded as 0.21-0.017 mg/l.In river sample it was not detected in the month of October and December where as on the month of march and july it was recorded as 0.009 mg/l.Mercury analysis was done in the month of august only .It shows highest concentration in textile industrial effluent as 0.03 mg/l.It was recorded in water sample of chandur as 0.02 mg/l and in the river sample it was recorded as0.001 mg/l.

The physic-chemical parameters like pH, TDS, Turbidity, Acidity and Alkanilty, hardness, Chlorides, COD, BOD were analysed in textile industrial effluent once in the month of august. The data analyzed for Industrial area (IA), Chandur and River site is represented in Table that, all sampling sites are contaminated with heavy metal and values are obtained goes to exceed permissible limits. The toxic heavy metal concentration at different sites increases by the application of polluted water continuously during irrigation due to textile industrial containing heavy metals . The higher concentration of heavy metal detected in the top layer up to 25 cm depth soil is near neutral at all sites. The pH is highest of 7.90 at site no. 2 and 6 and minimum pH 7.35 at site no.3. The organic carbon ranges from 10.0 to 12.0 in the soil. The soil organic carbon is the not only provides site for metal directly, it will also combine with soil minerals and increases the sorption sites4 . Accumulation of toxic heavy metals at the top is due to complication with organic carbon at neutral pH It has been noticed that the Cd concentration is higher among Hg and As in industrial zone. The average toxic heavy metal concentration is144 Cd mg /kg, 134 Hg mg/kg and 130 As mg/ kg. The toxic heavy metal concentration at was 38 Cd mg/kg, 30 Hg.mg/kg and 28 As mg/kg. The six different zones of Ichalkaranji city show different toxic heavy metal concentrations. Hence the metal concentration is high in industrial zones compared with non-industrial zones.

The percentages of heavy metal in different plant weed species in industrial zones of Ichalkaranji are above the WHO maximum permissible level were recorded in Table-3. The different plant weed species contain different accumulation of toxic heavy concentration. Waste water released from six different sites, Panchaganga river water and ground water at different sites contain toxic heavy metals like mercury, and cadmium and arsenic were depicted in Table-4. The concentration of cadmium metal is higher as compare to mercury and arsenic metal. The highest metal concentrations present in waste water released from six different sites of Ichalkaranji. This result reveals that Ichalkaranji faces the water and heavy metal pollution. Thus there is a need of proper management to minimize the toxic level of these metals.

Conclusion

Textile industries a major economic zone of India. Majority of population depends upon the textile industries. But textile industries became more problematic as they consider the most polluted industries. The toxic heavy metal concentration damages the aquatic system mainly. The maximum level of heavy metals concentration in water will be serious impact on environment. Water samples from different sites of industrial zones have also been found to be containing almost all toxic heavy metals above permissible limits. The concentration of heavy metals such as Hg, Pb and Co present in all studied samples. Overall findings indicated that, the textile effluents, waste water and river water of the study sites were not better and should not be used for irrigation without prior treatments.

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