Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to examine self-esteem and academic achievement in adolescents. This paper concluded that children with low self-esteem had lower academic achievement compared to children who had higher self-esteem. Orts, Robins, & Roberts (2008) found that adolescents from ages 15- 21-year olds had significantly low academic achievement when their self-esteem was low. In addition, Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, & Eisenberg (2006) found that early adolescent girls had lower self-esteem than boys which showed that these girls will have lower academic achievement.
Introduction
How is self-esteem related to academic achievement? The author predicts the following: If children do not have self-esteem, then they will have lower academic achievement. However, if children have self-esteem, then they will have high academic achievement. The purpose of the research paper is to examine the association between self-esteem and academic achievement in adolescents.
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According to the National Medical Association (2013), self-esteem is defined as how one views oneself in a mental state. Also, according to the Mayo Clinic (2017), self-esteem can be an opinion of what you think about yourself in every aspect. According to Do Something (n.a) around the age group of 15 to 17-year-olds, around 70% of girls do not attend school because they have low self-esteem. In addition, Stage of Life (n.a), states that around 45.5% of teenagers have low self-esteem and reason why they have low academic achievement. Male students in secondary tend to have higher self-esteem than female students in the school (Mahmood & Zaib, 2019). In addition, during the period of adolescence, they have higher self-esteem, which causes lower academic achievement because people demand a lot from them (Tetzner, Becker, & Maaz, 2016).
Furthermore, adolescents who have any impairments have low self-esteem because they have lower academic achievement and ways to adjust to a problem (Farris, Lefever, Borkowki & Whitman, 2013). When it comes to kids coming from foster parents, their self-esteem is low because they have lower academic achievement and potentially have an association with their behavior and social skills (Mihalec-Adkins & Cooley, 2019). However, when it comes to students going to single-gender schools or co-ed schools, females have lower self-esteem when they attend a co-ed school which causes them to have low academic achievement.
Why do adolescents have low self-esteem? The author believes that when students have low self-esteem, they will have lower academic achievement. According to Saha & Tammana (2018), adolescents with low- self-esteem have lower academic achievement. Adolescents with low self-esteem have lower academic achievement, what causes them to have low self-esteem? Wickery (2011) found that parent involvement is significantly related to their adolescent's low- self-esteem. If parents have low parental involvement at school, their adolescents will have low- self-esteem. If they have low esteem, then they will have low academic achievement.
According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory, when it comes to the focus on the microsystem, the parents are in direct contact with their children. When parents are uninvolved or neglectful, children may have lower self-esteem, and when children have lower self-esteem, they will have lower academic achievement. If these children's parents are not involved in their school or just not involved in their academics, the child will have low self-esteem because they are not being taught or shown how to do things right and not encouraged. Due to this, the child will have low academic achievement because they are not getting help or support from their parents. These parents are not helping the children with their homework, and they are not helping them study for a test they have the following day.
Literature Review
The purpose of the research paper is to examine the association between self-esteem and academic achievement in adolescents. The research question for this paper is: How is self-esteem related to academic achievement? The two peer-reviewed articles that will be analyzed in this paper are McClure, Tanski, Kingsbury, Gerrard & Sargent (2010) and Millings, Buck, Montgomery, Spears & Stallard (2012).
Article 1: McClure, Tanski, Kingsbury, Gerrard & Sargent (2010)
The purpose of McClure, Tanski, Kingsbury, Gerard, & Sargent's (2010) study was to test characteristics associated with self-esteem and academic achievement among adolescents. Researchers surveyed teens about media and substance abuse. The total amount of participants in this study was 6,522 adolescents. The student's age range was 12 to 16. In total, 50.1% were male, and 49.1% were female. Furthermore, the students were 68.1% Caucasian, 8.5% African American, 15% Hispanic, and 8.5% Other.
In the study, the researchers were able to show that students have parents who are not demanding and are not responsive in their child's life; will have high rates of poor self-esteem. Due to having low self-esteem, they will have low academic achievement. They tested this out by having students answer three questions that will assess their self-worth and their physical appearance.
Article 2: Millings, Buck, Montgomery, Spears & Stallard (2012)
The purpose of Millings, Buck, Montgomery, Spears, & Stallard's (2012) study was to determine how adolescents struggle with mental health and how it affects their academic achievement. The total amount of participants in this study was 5,022 adolescents. The participants averaged from the ages 11 to 16. In total, 50.9% were male, and 49.1% were female. Furthermore, the majority of students were 85.5% Caucasian.
In the study, the researchers made these students answer a four-point scale ranging from strongly agree (3) to strongly disagree (0). They gave a survey to students to answer questions involving their self-esteem. If students get higher scores, it means their self-esteem is high. The study was able to show that if a student has low self-esteem, they will most likely have any mental health. If a student struggles with mental health, they will have low academic achievement.
Conclusion
The purpose of the paper is to examine self-esteem and academic achievement in children. This paper concluded that children with low self-esteem had lower academic achievement compared to children who had higher self-esteem. Orts, Robins, & Roberts (2008) found that adolescents from ages 15- to 21-year olds had significantly low academic achievement when their self-esteem was low. In addition, Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, & Eisenberg (2006) found that early adolescent girls had lower self-esteem than boys, which showed that these girls would have lower academic achievement. The authors recommend that parents should be more involved in their children's school at the very start. We now know that less parental involvement will have an increase in low self-esteem, and with low self-esteem, lower academic achievement adolescents will have.
References
- Cvencek, D., Fryberg, S. A., Covarrubias, R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2018). Self‐concepts, self-esteem, and academic achievement of minority and majority North American elementary school children. Child Development, 89(4), 1099–1109. https://doi-org.mimas.calstatela.edu/10.1111/cdev.12802
- Giofrè, D., Borella, E., & Mammarella, I. C. (2017). The relationship between intelligence, working memory, academic self-esteem, and academic achievement. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 29(6), 731–747.
- https://doi-org.mimas.calstatela.edu/10.1080/20445911.2017.1310110
- Hassan, A., Jami, H., & Aqeel, M. (2016). Academic self-concept, self-esteem, and academic achievement among truant and punctual students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 31(1), 223–240. http://search.ebscohost.com.mimas.calstatela.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN= 2017-03286-012&site=ehost-live
- Khan, I. K., Mahmood, A., & Zaib, U. (2019). The interplay of self-esteem with the academic achievements between male and female secondary school students. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment.
- https://doi-org.mimas.calstatela.edu/10.1080/10911359.2019.1611517
- Mcclure, A., Tanski, S., Kingsbury, J., Gerrard, M., & Sargent, J. (2010). Characteristics associated with low self-esteem among US adolescents. Academic Pediatrics, 10(4), 238-244.e2.
- Millings, A., Buck, R., Montgomery, A., Spears, M., & Stallard, P. (2012). School connectedness, peer attachment, and self-esteem as predictors of adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 1061-1067.
- Yang, Q., Tian, L., Huebner, E. S., & Zhu, X. (2019). Relations among academic achievement, self-esteem, and subjective well-being in school among elementary school students: A longitudinal mediation model. School Psychology, 34(3), 328–340.
- https://doi-org.mimas.calstatela.edu/10.1037/spq0000292
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