Due to the elevated use of antibiotics in variety of products and in anthropogenic activities the concentration of AB become higher in waste water and fresh water bodies. The presence of antibiotics especially Fluoroquinolones pose adverse impacts on public health as well as on aquatic life through developing antibiotic-resistant genes. To overcome these impacts, the use of antibiotics should cut down and a proper and safe disposal of effluents having antibiotics in it should ensure.
Risk assessment is the mean of evaluating hazard or risk associated with a process, chemical, situation and its influence on public health and surroundings. Hazard identification, Dose-response assessment, Exposure assessment, Risk characterization are the steps to carry out the process of risk assessment.
In this review paper we will discuss about the risk associated with the antibiotics especially fluoroquinolones, their impacts on aquatic life, on public health and possible treatment technologies for the removal of FQs.
As a developing bunch of natural and man-made contaminants, anti-microbial have pulled in developing consideration due to their potential undesirable impacts on human wellbeing and on their environments. anti-microbial are broadly utilized to treat irresistible illnesses for both people and animals, and to advance the development of aquaculture, horticulture and many more. The emerging contaminants/pollutants comprise Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhAC) especially antibiotics, personal care products (PPCP), disinfection byproducts (DBP), hormones, insecticides, pesticides, explosive, endocrine disrupting chemicals etc.
A study was conducted in Beijing china where they analyzed 11 personal care product and a metabolite in different vegetables grown in filed irrigated with wastewater. The results showed the presence of some PPCPs higher than its threshold limit and some were under the threshold limit. The amount of N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole and Triclosan were greater than the others.
Due to the water deficiency reclaimed wastewater is used for the irrigation purposes which increases the risk of crop contamination by antibiotics and other emerginging contaminants present in wastewater. The contaminated crops can affect harmfully on human health upon the consumption. The manifestation of antibiotics in reclaimed wastewater and the practice of this water for irrigation purpose can develop the antibiotic resistance in already prevailing microbe in the topsoil, Due to the application of wastewater and animal manure continuously onto the lands.
The usage of Fluoroquinolones is generally for the antimicrobial and antifungal illnesses associated to urinary tract and respiratory tract infections. The higher intake of these types of antibiotics results in severe and everlasting nerve impairment which is known as peripheral neuropathy. (Miller, 27 August 2013) Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin are some most commonly used fluoroquinolones antibiotics mostly used for the cure of traveler’s diarrhea in grownups.
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Due to high amount of FQs in Pakistan the antibiotic resistance to Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi is already developed among the citizen. A research study was conducted in Lahore Pakistan for the detection of Fluoroquinolones in wastewater of two famous hospitals in Lahore and it was concluded that the greater amount of Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin were presented in the waste water of the both hospitals. Another research done in USA showed that the high consumption of fluoroquinolones by United States people and high usage in poultry medicine developed antibiotic resistance to campylobacter specie due to intake of poultry products by the citizens of America.
Nearly 1600 persons in United States of America may have the campylobacter jejuni due to high intake of fresh and old beef which showed that elevated resistance is established in campylobacter jejuni against fluoroquinolones. A study in California showed that fluoroquinolones resistant Neisseria gonorrhea was increased exponentially among the people of California in the course of 2000 and 2003 because the patients with QRNG were highly resilient to fluoroquinolones.
The continuous use of FQs also increases their extent in waste of industrial effluents, municipal waste, hospital waste etc. The ultimate destination of the waste is water bodies and the unprocessed wastewater comprise higher sum of FQs in it which can generate catastrophic impacts on aquatic biome. The accumulation of FQs in the bodies of aquatic creature give rise to bioaccumulation of FQs in them. A research was directed in the industrial areas of Pakistan, Hattar and Kahuta in which the wastewater and sludge of the industrial waste was assessed. The results showed that the Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin and Levofloxacin were greater in the industrial wastewater of Kahuta while the quantity of these FQs were greater in the slurry of Hattar industrial sector.
It was also concluded that Enrofloxacin has numerous potential to cause catastrophic effects to green algae. It can also pose adverse impacts to cyanobacteria and invertebrates followed by green algae. (Riaz, 2017) in every water body FQs are present from higher to lower concentration depending on the location of water body. It was also assessed that the higher dose and lower dose of FQs in water bodies both have adverse impact on aquatic life. The smaller amount of FQs in water bodies can affect the reproduction of fish and other aquatic creatures due to longer exposure to FQs.
According to the study done in China revealed that the conformist treatment is not efficient for the removal of antibiotics from the wastewater. The exploration was done for the detection of destiny of eight quinolones nine sulfonamides and five macrolides. The results exposed that the amongst the all antibiotics the quinolones prerequisite secondary treatment and the other two categories were tenacious throughout traditional treatment.
One of the great technology for the deletion of fluoroquinolones antibiotics from waste water is using bamboo biochar through course of adsorption. This process showed 90% removal of FQs from the wastewater. (Yanbin Wang, 2015) there are many technologies developed for the removal of FQs from the wastewater but not a single process can remove the FQs 100% from the wastewater.
Fluoroquinolones are the antibiotics used for the infectious diseases especially associated with UTI and RT infections. The release of FQs in water bodies can cause catastrophic affects to aquatic biota. The usage of wastewater for the irrigation having FQs in it can also cause adversely to the public health. The removal of FQs are not an easy task but there are variety of technologies that can remove FQs from wastewater to some extent. More and more research is needed to conduct regarding the FQs and their safe disposal. Also in many countries the awareness is desirable for the safe disposal and regarding the adverse impacts due to usage of FQs antibiotics continuously.
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