Along with a sophisticated understanding of any science comes not just an enhanced worldview, but also the opportunity to apply this knowledge in order to create technology. This represents our ability to shape the world as we see fit. There are certainly profound ethical implications that emerge when we begin to tamper with life. Before we could start work on biotechnology, we had to learn about DNA. Once we had this comprehension, we set about trying to sequence the genome of humans and other organisms.
Past and Present
As some scientists worked to control life at the scale of global agriculture, others worked in a different direction. The mid-1900s was a period of re-examination of one of our big questions: what, exactly, is life? Although the story is complex, it’s often simplified to one big “discovery” of DNA made in 1953 by two biologists who won Nobel Prizes. By the 1940s, researchers knew that the cell nucleus contained thread-shaped structures called chromosomes that played a critical role in cell division. Chromosomes seemed to be made of a mixture of protein and other stuff. And this other key stuff was a molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This was deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Isolated, DNA looks kind of like white powder. But no one knew DNA’s structure. A molecule’s structure—the way it fits together—tells us about how it works, and maybe how to redesign it.
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Biotechnology had been around for a while. Beer, after all, is made using engineered strains of brewers’ yeast. But this process takes a long time and involves strain selection. After 1953, scientists started looking for genes connected to traits of interest. The problem was, knowing what genes code for what traits wasn’t useful without having a way to move those genes around. So biotech took off in the early 1970s. A group of biologists and physicists published the results of experiments with recombinant DNA or rDNA—new, synthetic sections of DNA made by cloning sections from one organism’s genome into another. With rDNA, scientists could splice sequences of DNA. In the 1980’s many universities viewed these scientific discoveries as major sources for money. In turn this caused scientific knowledge and life itself, to become potential to technologies.
General Applications
For starters, we can sequence the genome of cancer cells to find out exactly where the mutation is, and then develop strategies to combat that form of cancer. We can identify genetic susceptibility to a variety of diseases, and diagnose others, so that individualized treatment can precede the onset of symptoms. We can gain valuable insight into bacteria and other pathogens, so we know how to fight them. Beyond this, our understanding of DNA has allowed us to make copies of any gene we want. This is called DNA cloning.
Xenotransplantation
a molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This was deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Isolated, DNA looks kind of like white powder. But no one knew DNA’s structure. A molecule’s structure—the way it Along with a sophisticated understanding of any science comes not just an enhanced worldview, but also the opportunity to apply this knowledge in order to create technology. This represents our ability to shape the world as we see fit. There are certainly profound ethical implications that emerge when we begin to tamper with life. Before we could start work on biotechnology, we had to learn about DNA. Once we had this comprehension, we set about trying to sequence the genome of humans and other organisms.
Methodology and Application
As some scientists worked to control life at the scale of global agriculture, others worked in a different direction. The mid-1900s was a period of re-examination of one of our big questions: what, exactly, is life? Although the story is complex, it’s often simplified to one big “discovery” of DNA made in 1953 by two biologists who won Nobel Prizes. By the 1940s, researchers knew that the cell nucleus contained thread-shaped structures called chromosomes that played a critical role in cell division. Chromosomes seemed to be made of a mixture of protein and other stuff. And this other key stuff was a molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This was deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Isolated, DNA looks kind of like white powder. But no one knew DNA’s structure. A molecule’s structure—the way it fits together—tells us about how it works, and maybe how to redesign it.
Biotechnology had been around for a while. Beer, after all, is made using engineered strains of brewers’ yeast. But this process takes a long time and involves strain selection. After 1953, scientists started looking for genes connected to traits of interest. The problem was, knowing what genes code for what traits wasn’t useful without having a way to move those genes around. So, biotech took off in the early 1970s. A group of biologists andphysicists published the results of experiments with recombinant DNA or rDNA—new, synthetic sections of DNA made by cloning sections from one organism’s genome into another. With rDNA, scientists could splice sequences of DNA. In the 1980’s many universities viewed these scientific discoveries as major sources for money. In turn this caused scientific knowledge and life itself, to become potential to technologies.As some scientists worked to control life at the scale of global agriculture, others worked in a different direction. The mid-1900s was a period of re- examination of one of our big questions: what, exactly, is life? Although the story is complex, it’s often simplified to one big “discovery” of DNA made in 1953 by two biologists who won Nobel Prizes. By the 1940s, researchers knew that the cell nucleus contained thread-shaped structures called chromosomes that played a critical role in cell division. Chromosomes seemed to be made of a mixture of protein and other stuff. And this other key stuff was a molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This was deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Isolated, DNA looks kind of like white powder. But no one knew DNA’s structure. A molecule’s structure—the way it fits together—tells us about how it works, and maybe how to redesign it.
Biotechnology had been around for a while. Beer, after all, is made using engineered strains of brewers’ yeast. But this process takes a long time and involves strain selection. After 1953, scientists started looking for genes connected to traits of interest. The problem was, knowing what genes code for what traits wasn’t useful without having a way to move those genes around. So, biotech took off in the early 1970s. A group of biologists and physicists published the results of experiments with recombinant DNA or rDNA—new, synthetic sections of DNA made by cloning sections from one organism’s genome into another. With rDNA, scientists could splice sequences of DNA. In the 1980’s many universities viewed these scientific discoveries as major sources for money. In turn this caused scientific knowledge and life itself, to become potential to technologies. As some scientists worked to control life at the scale of global agriculture, others worked in a different direction. The mid-1900s was a period of re- examination of one of our big questions: what, exactly, is life? Although the story is complex, it’s often simplified to one big “discovery” of DNA made in 1953 by two biologists who won Nobel Prizes. By the 1940s, researchers knew that the cell nucleus contained thread-shaped structures called chromosomes that played a critical role in cell division. Chromosomes seemed to be made of a mixture of protein and other stuff. And this other key stuff was a molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This was deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Isolated, DNA looks kind of li white powder. But no one knew DNA’s structure. A molecule’s structure—the way it fits together—tells us about how it works, and maybe how to redesign it.
Biotechnology had been around for a while. Beer, after all, is made using engineered strains of brewers’ yeast. But this process takes a long time and involves strain selection. After 1953, scientists started looking for genes connected to traits other key stuff was a molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This was deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Isolated, DNA looks kind of like white powder. But no one knew DNA’s structure. A molecule’s structure—the way it fits together—tells us about how it works, and maybe how to redesign it.
Biotechnology had been around for a while. Beer, after all, is made using engineered strains of brewers’ yeast. But this process takes a long time and involves strain selection. After 1953, scientists started looking for genes connected to traits of interest. The problem was, knowing what genes code for what traits wasn’t useful without having a way to move those genes around. So, biotech took off in the early 1970s. A group of biologists and physicists published the results of experiments with recombinant DNA or rDNA—new, synthetic sections of DNA made by cloning sections from one organism’s genome into another. With rDNA, scientists could splice sequences of DNA. In the 1980’s many universities viewed these scientific discoveries as major sources for money. In turn this caused scientific knowledge and life itself, to become potential to technologies.
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