Abstract Gene therapy has gained large interest in the scientific field for potential therapeutic applications since the development of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing techniques. The effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat disease has been demonstrated in studies regarding HIV, liver disease, and triple negative breast cancer, but little is known about its ability to treat oculocutaneous (OCA1) albinism. OCA1 albinism is associated with mutation in the tyrosinase enzyme gene ( TYR), and is characterized by little to no melanin synthesis, particularly in...
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Gene mutation is defined as a permanent alternation in the DNA sequence which makes up a gene that makes the DNA sequence differs from that of most people. Gene mutation could be further divided into two types which are hereditary mutations and acquired mutations. The difference between hereditary mutations and acquired mutations is that hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent while the acquired mutation is caused by the daily life of a person. Moreover, the hereditary mutation occurs in...
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As Valle (n.d) pointed out “In editing the human genome, scientists must worry about unintended consequences, changes to other parts of the genome that are called off-target effect. Fix one thing, we have broken something else. (as cited in Hopkins, 2017)”. In other words, by developing technologies, scientists have tried out all possible ways of modifying the genes of animals, nature, and food and now they have started hunting human beings. One of the major goals of creating gene modification...
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Introduction The Human Genome Project was the start of an era of exploration into what makes people tick. The Project helped to identify and map all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. The fulfillment of the Human Genome Project allowed researchers to pinpoint what genes were mutated and liable for certain human traits. Gene Therapy developed from this intrinsic curiosity and wonder if humans can achieve perfection. Gene Therapy can be...
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SUMMARY The Cry1Ac gene found in our modification comes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, and thus is the gene placed in soybean plants. This gene produces delta endotoxin proteins, which form crystals that exert a specific toxin against some species of larvae. The crystal toxins then act as an insecticide against some species of feeding larvae, killing the larvae, and reducing its population while increasing the soybean population. The Cry1Ac gene occurs naturally in bacteria, but not in soybeans, which...
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Abstract The following paper presented follows gene therapy throughout its journey. Analyzing data from the past to the present and the possibilities that are to come in the future, we gain a better understanding of what gene therapy is and why it is important in our society today. “Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease,” (What Is Gene Therapy?). This is done by replacing a mutated that causes disease with a healthy copy...
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Gene tampering can lead to unforeseen issues when altering the expression and the existence of gene patterns. The suppression or replacement of gene's patterns can lead to things such as an extinction of cultures, races, and subjective undesirable traits. The tampering with Genes has been an idea in the scientific community for a while, but now it is an actual possibility to create “designer babies” (Seeker. (2015, March 24). Should We Make Designer Babies? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHesvjW1bKM&t=3s). To do this...
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Up until recent years, illnesses such as cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s, leukemia, and many more diseases have been classified as incurable. These lifelong ailments have brought despair and hopelessness onto the lives of many people. However, with the recent break in scientific technology and the gene editing tool Crispr-Cas9, these once untreatable illnesses could be as easy to cure as the common cold. With such a sudden advance in technology, many scientists debate whether or not to put a halt to...
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INTRODUCTION The TNXB gene is cytogenically located at the histocompatibility complex III on chromosome 6 in the human genome (6p21.33- p21.32). The gene has a unique structure as it overlaps with other genes by embedding its 5’ and 3’ end in CREBL1 and CYP21 genes respectively. It is the gene that encodes for Tenascin X which can also be called Texabrachian - like protein. This protein is a member of the tenascin family which are extracellular matrix glycoproteins. FUNCTION OF...
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Introduction Gene editing focuses on inserting DNA, deleting it or modifying it, or in some cases even replacing it in the genome of the chosen organism (Richter, 2016). Clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is seen as an innovating piece of technology and a useful technique within the genetic editing field (Redman et al, 2016). CRISPR can identify DNA, which it will then lock on to and then it will start to make precision cuts, but these precision cuts...
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CRISPR or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (Broad Institute, 2019) is a relatively new discovery in genetic sciences with many useful applications across many fields. CRISPR is extracted from a bacterium and was initially thought of to be a part of bacterial immune system. It has what are known as spacer sequences that contain past genetic code of bacteriophages and destroys them when they return. (Broad Institute, 2019) First proof of this was on 23 March 2007 (Ishino, et...
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A Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is a birth defect that causes a tear in the diaphragm that pushes abdominal organs into the chest cavity, therefore, preventing proper lung development. CDH occurs in one out of 3,000 live births, and has a high mortality and morbidity rate (POBER 2007), with survivors requiring high technology-driven interventional perinatal care (STOLAR 2012) in tertiary or quaternary neonatal intensive care units. 40% of CDH patients have multiple anomalies in addition to CDH, but as many as...
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Imagine a future in which parents can give their unborn child the best genetic traits possible, grooming them for genetic perfection. Through genetic testing and gene therapy, modifying and enhancing genetic attributes is becoming a reality. These industries are growing rapidly, with 1,000 genetic tests already available to the public (Papalia and Martorell 61). Genetic testing and gene therapy have the potential to profoundly affect society ethically and economically. In order to understand why these two medical practices may disrupt...
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The Foundation of CRISPR Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR as it is more commonly known would not be possible without the many scientific discoveries that enabled scientists to understand DNA. Many discoveries enabled this, such as Watson and Crick and Rosalind Franklin, however the most important was the use of recombinant DNA.The first use of recombinant DNA for humans occurred in 1986 when Pablo D. T. Valenzuela created the first recombinant vaccine(Broad Institute 2018). This vaccine was...
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There are many different types of viral vectors that are used to deliver a corrected CFTR gene. The Adenoviral vector was one of the first vectors to be tested to see if it couls successfully deliver the corrected gene. Ad vectors don’t become a part of the host genome and remain episomal which means they can replicate independently. Just a few years after replicating the CFTR gene the first trial was carried out using this vector. Zabner et al. gave...
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CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), which is a technology allowing scientists to edit genes in living cells, has ignited a revolution. Even though it is a relatively recent discovery in the history of biomedicine, CRISPR has entered mainstream use in research swiftly. In just less than a decade, the technology has taken off like a skyrocket with tremendous medical, scientific, and business implications. In the medical field, besides holding decent applications from detecting to curing cancer and genetic...
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Long before gene-editing technology became available, public debate over the ethics of using the technology to treat humans had been raged. Immense promises and worst fears associated with modern biomedicine reasoned the intense ethical interest in the technology. All believed that there was something exceptional, something groundbreaking about this new science and technology. Gradually, the debate moved from general philosophical reflection to attempts to develop an ethical review for research protocols. At this time, the distinction between somatic and germline...
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INTRODUCTION Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases with progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) that lead to muscle weaknesses, loss of ambulation, and chronic disability, ultimately causing premature death in patients (Cappella et al., 2019). Two representative examples are spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), both severe MNDs that share pathological, cellular, and genetic similarities (Tosolini & Sleigh, 2017). They are currently treated with gastrostomy tube placement and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, which...
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ABSTRACT To take complete advantage of the large and rapidly increasing body of sequence information, advanced technologies are very much required. Among the most powerful tools for genomics are high-density arrays of oligonucleotides or cDNAs. Exploration of the genome using DNA microarray should narrow the gap in our knowledge between gene function and molecular biology. Nucleic acid arrays or simply DNA arrays work by hybridisation of labelled RNA or DNA in a solution to DNA molecules attached to a unique...
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Abstract Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has a great role as a driving force in the evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes and has occupied a major role in evolutionary thinking. Many studies have shown how prokaryotic evolution has been manipulated by HGT such as the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The importance of HGT in eukaryotes has long been eclipsed due to variety of reasons. In the last decade, the study of interest now seems to focus more on eukaryotes...
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Abstract In today’s society, there are numerous children that are born with a childhood disease that is life-threatening. Many children do not live past the age of five with some of these debilitating diseases. As a result, researchers are tackling the crisis by editing the mutated gene of the child while in gestation. Therefore, this will eliminate the possibly that the child is born with a disease. Many of the current studies are in animal trials but will soon be...
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Life is a DNA driven programme and death results from its technical failure. Protein and DNA were evolved naturally from the gas present in the environment of the primitive world. It was the effect of high voltage thunderbolts and asteroid hits on the surface of the earth. Millions of years ago passage of the high voltage energy across the environmental gas created protein and DNA. Origin and evolution of DNA and DNA replication mechanism are not yet fully known, but...
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First recognized in 1926, ataxia-telangiectasia, otherwise referred to as AT, is an extremely rare and ineluctably progressive disease which slowly denigrates the nervous system. Ataxia–telangiectasia is an autosomal recessive, caused by mutations in the ataxia–telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM), which is best described as a serine/threonine kinase that activates over two dozen proteins involved in controlling cell growth and division. Individuals who are found with the variant AT phenotypes usually have abnormal features, such as dystonia and myoclonus, and are susceptible...
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Germline gene therapy has developed a wide spread of opinions into the regards of its ethics with many very relevant positive and negative opinions being expressed amongst the breakthroughs occurring within its progress. There are lots of varying factors contributing towards these ethics which both overlap and contrast in many ways. The argument on the ethics of this therapy has been fuelled recently by many breakthroughs such as gene therapy restoring immunity in infants with a rare immunodeficiency disease. It...
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A gene is a nucleotide sequence which dictates the synthesis of a particular RNA or protein molecule. Their control over the produced proteins govern both phenotypical and genetic traits, including susceptibility to diseases like Cystic Fibrosis. Driving gene expression is Central Dogma, a two-step process in which DNA is converted to an intermediate RNA (mRNA) through transcription, then from mRNA to protein through translation. Virtually all living and acellular beings abide to Central Dogma bar the Retrovirus family and viruses...
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Gene Therapy consists of modifying the genes within somatic cells to treat or prevent a disease. The reason this is possible is because genes contain our DNA, which is what decides a huge part of a person and what they look like. When a gene is damaged or missing, it can lead to health issues making gene therapy an option for treatment or prevention. Humans have an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 genes in each cell since we get two copies...
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ABSTRACT Inter specific hybridization was made between susceptible greengram variety CO 5 and wild Vigna sp. Crossed seeds were raised in field condition for testing the MYMV incidence. F1 showed dominant resistance reaction against MYMV disease incidence. The field growing F2 populations of C0 5 x wild Vigna sp cross produced a wide range of segregant viz., susceptible, parental and intermediate type. In order to understand whether there are R Gene sequences whose products contain NBS and LRR motifs in...
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There are several physiological changes that occur during normal pregnancy, hypercoaggulabilty state is one of them in which some coagulation factors increased in blood in harmony with decreased blood level of others. These changes are needed for normal fetal growth and development with complete return to the normal physiological state after labor and purperium without leaving any harm to the mother. However, hypercoaggulabilty state of pregnancy may be exacerbated by alterations in the coagulation/fibrinolysis cascades together with associated vascular stasis...
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The cloning process is taking cells from an individual and replicating genes or DNA. In the process of cloning the gene is entered in the plasmid, which is a piece of the DNA (Overview: DNA cloning, 2019). There are four steps into the cloning process (Eric J. Simon, 2016). The steps are as follow; Put the gene in the plasmid and restricting the enzymes Add plasmid into bacteria Make more protein, harvest and purify protein (protein production) Uses of DNA...
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In Australia Gene editing technology is fast on the rise and has large potential for change in the future and therefore must be legislated and monitored with great care for the benefit of Australia and its inhabitants. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) allows scientists to essentially copy and paste DNA in humans, animals,bacteria and plants. The benefits of this technology to humans include the ability to “erase” hereditary diseases such as muscular dystrophy and parkinisins. The issues that...
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