This research explores how men and women self-evaluate their IQ, in modern-day society. Six participants in the UK completed a questionnaire, which determined how they self-evaluated their IQ, compared to the national average. Past research has shown men self-evaluate themselves to have a higher than average IQ, compared to women who self-evaluate themselves to have a lower than average IQ. Studies have shown men and women are constrained to stereotypes and this reflects on how they self-evaluate their IQ. This is also based on how they view themselves in society. Changes in society and the stereotypes on how men and women are perceived may have an impact on how they now self-measure their IQ and understanding of their intelligence.
Introduction
The main theory that supports this research is The Hubris and Humility Effect (HHE; Storek & Furnham, 2012), which explores the potential determinants of gender differences in self-estimated intelligence. (e.g. Beloff, 1992; Furnham, 2001, Furnham, Hosoe, & Tang, 2003) and the domain masculine intelligence type will, which …..
This research will explore the determinants of gender differences that occur with the self-measurement with IQ, ‘domain masculine’ intelligence type (DMIQ) by introducing gender role identity, self-concept, and meaning of intelligence.
Research by both Gardener and Bennett has confirmed that Western society favors men as being more intelligent than women. Traditional research reveals women may perceive themselves as being less intelligent than men perceive themselves to promote relations with the opposite sex. Hogans 1978 study
This research will focus on the self-measurement of IQ. A substantial amount of research has established a positive correlation between self-estimated intelligence (SEI) and objectively measured intelligence (r ≈ 0.30; Freund & Kasten, 2012; Gignac, Stough, & Loukomitis, 2004; Zajenkowski, Stolarski, Maciantowicz, Malesza, & Witowska, 2016). These researches have provided some insight into why there appear to be varying results between male and female participants who self-estimate their IQ. Before examining the self-measurement of IQ between males and females, we must understand how and why genders have different measurements of their IQ. - not sure
Past researchers have discovered that Intelligence, as it is traditionally conceived, demonstrates that men are more intelligent than women(Bennett and Gardenr). Furnham (2000) proposed that people view intelligence as male-normative, mathematical–logical, and spatial intelligence are areas where men are believed to excel. Gardner explores intelligence between men and women and found that when measuring intelligence in the form of interpersonal intelligence which focuses on, emotional awareness, sensitivity, and social intelligence, this is more favorable to women being conceived as more intelligent, compared to traditional intelligence which focuses on logic, analyzing and decision making and when measured men have been conceived as more intelligent.
The Self-estimation of intelligence has been studied by researchers, who have been able to confirm women tend to give themselves lower IQ results than men, based on the above analogy of traditional intelligence.
Gardner (3394) analyses through his research, that there are different types of intelligence and everybody is smart in some way. Critics of Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory argued that the majority of proposed multiple intelligences are not intelligence but instead talents, particular cognitive qualities, forms of accomplishment, or traits (cf. Barnett & Ceci, 2002; Eysenck, 1994; Gottfredson, 1997a, 2004a,b; Klein, 1997; Lohman, 2001; Mathews et al., 2000; Scarr, 1985; Sternberg, 1985, 1991; Visser et al., 2006a, 2006b; Waterhouse, 2006; White, 2005). [1: Frames of Mind (1983) Gardner]
Whereas Robert Sternberg’s (1985) triarchic theory postulates three fundamental aspects of intelligence – analytic, creative, and practical. People hold inflated and overly favorable self-views and ability beliefs. As a result, their performance estimations are subjected to systematic estimation errors (e.g. Kruger & Dunning, 1999; Harrison & Shaffer, 1994; Krueger & Mueller, 2002; Lichtenstein & Fischhoff, 1977).
Research on self-concept has also helped support and provide a better understanding of why men and women differ in their IQ results. An agreement among researchers is that masculinity and femininity are culturally determined cognitive concepts used by individuals to classify themselves (Bem, 1974, 1981; Lippa, 2001)[footnoteRef:2] [2: Gender, g, Gender Identity Concepts, and Self-Constructs as Predictors of the Self-Estimated IQ JOSEPHINE STOREK ADRIAN FURNHAM University College London]
Historically, it has been accepted that no sex differences in general intelligence exist, as evidenced by the standardized intelligence test norms (Ackerman, 2006; Terman & Merrill, 1937; Wechsler, 1944)
Self-concept is a multidimensional concept that explains how individuals perceive the impact of their behavior on their environments as well as how they are perceived by others (Marsh, 1990). Self-concept clarity represents the structural aspect of the self or the extent to which self-beliefs are clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent, and stable (Campbell et al., 1996). - Michael J. Carter1 and Sara Bruene Past studies have shown that how a person views themselves in society has a positive or negative effect on how they self-evaluate themselves and their IQ. A review of the literature on self and identity reveals that self-concept clarity is a commonly addressed and thoroughly investigated internal process. - Michael J. Carter1 and Sara Bruene
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Gender stereotypes are dynamic by representing the changing attributes of women and men, and these beliefs about groups’ past, present, and future follow groups’ trajectories of actual role change (Diekman & Eagly, 2000) According to social role theory, gender stereotypes stem from beliefs about the role occupancies of men and women
Consistent with the principle of dynamic stereotypes (Diekman & Eagly, 2000), perceived changes in the characteristics of the sexes follow from many women or men entering new roles with different demands.
Finally, Rudman and Phelan (2010) demonstrated that priming women with traditional (e.g. male pilot and female flight attendant) as well as non-traditional (e.g. female pilot and male flight attendant) gender roles increases gender stereotyping and decreases interest in masculine occupations. Similar to stereotype threat, gender role beliefs influenced performance on a spatial ability test.
Evidence shows that intelligence (gender) beliefs influence self-evaluations and can in turn act as self-fulfilling prophecies that directly impact performance and encourage the institutionalization of those beliefs (cf. Ackerman & Wolman, 2007; Beyer & Bowden, 1997; Chamorro-Premuzic & Arteche, 2008; Furnham & Thomas, 2004; Dweck, 1999). The observed gender differences in self-estimated abilities are stable and consistent across cultures (e.g. von Stumm, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Furnham, 2009).
This research is going to explore if the change in society within the roles men and women now play in society will change the results of their self-measurement of IQ.
Similar research to this study, includes JOSEPHINE STOREK ADRIAN FURNHAM I. Their research aimed to demonstrate, the Hubris-Humility Effect that shows men believe they are more intelligent than women Stepwise regressions indicated that gender and gender roles were the strongest predictors of DMIQ. have found that gender differences were strongest on the mathematical–logical and spatial intelligences, followed by over-all (g) and then verbal intelligences; with men significantly overestimating, and women significantly underestimating, their abilities relative to each other. This consistent gender difference has been referred to as the Hubris-Humility Effect of gender role or orientation, rather than sex per se, that accounts for the HHE
- Hypothesis. It is expected that due to equal roles and…. The results should reflect that both men and women measure their IQ similarly.
- Method. Data was collected from 6 participants made up of 3 males and 3 females. All participants were selected by the researcher who were from the researcher's social circle of friends. All participants were required to be over 18 years old. The mean age of the participants.
- Materials. A questionnaire was used to assess the participant's results. One question was used. The participants were required to give a score based on the national average of 100 provided to them.
- Procedure. The participants were briefed about the purpose of the study and gave written consent to participate.
Results
Study data were analyzed using the Stata statistical software program. Table 1 presents means, standard deviations, and ranges for the study variables. In first examining participants’ level of self-concept clarity, we see that the mean is 36.47 (SD ¼ 9.16), indicating that the average is (approximately) at the midpoint of the scale. The average degree of self-concept clarity for participants in this study is
The means in Table 1 also show that the degree to which participants identified as role identities was higher than the midpoint of the scale. On average, participants felt they w. The results do not support the hypothesis that the change in gender stereotypes in modern society confirmed significant differences between men (M = 120.17, SD = 8.01) and women (M = 106.67, SD = 9.34) in DMIQ. The magnitude of the differences in the means (mean difference = –13.50, 95% CI [–17.77, –9.24]) was large (η2 = .28; Hedge’s Adjustment d = 1.54). Hypothesis 1 was therefore confirmed.
Independent samples t-tests were computed to examine whether gender differences occurred on the WPT and GKT. Results are presented in Table 2. Hypotheses 3 and 4 were confirmed.
Discussion
This study has examined the relationship between perceived identity change and self-concept clarity by addressing perceived identity change as a multidimensional construct. The results generally support the notion that different dimensions of perceived identity change impact the self in unique ways. We have seen conclusively that one dimension of perceived identity change, the magnitude (or severity) of such change, relates to a lower degree of self-concept clarity.
The results presented here also provide empirical support for the theoretical expectation that person identities are more stable entities within the self, compared with role identities. The results show that self-concept clarity is affected more when individuals experience changes in personal identities than when they experience changes in role identities (though the same relationship was not found regarding the relationship between person and social identities). In furthering the understanding of how person, role, and social identities operate as discrete types of identities, this study has answered the call from identity scholar
Despite the roles of both men and women now being equal, there needs to be other research maybe focusing on biological perspectives or evolution that provides a better understanding as to why women still measure themselves with a lower IQ than men do.
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