Plant Phenolics And Terpenoids As Antibacterial Agents

Abstract

In the world, there are many diseases originated from foods that were eaten. Some pathonegic bacterias like Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureusin, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureusin, food has gain microbial and pathogenics effects and again food can damage human metabolism and cause diseases, even deaths. Also foods need protection to prevent spoilage and increase shelf life. To prevent this toxic effects which come from food and blocking spoilage researches developed more ecological solutions through the years. Plant phenolics and terpenoids developed as antibacterial agents thanks to their antimicrobial properties. Thanks to plant phenolics and terpenoids antimicrobial activites, they are used to prevent foodborne diseases and deaths because of foodborne microorganisms, also used as food preservatives. It is more ecological way instead of using synthetic chemicals which produced in laboratory conditions. Plant phenolics and teprenoids come from nature and they can found in plants which scientists known closely from plant biology. In this review, information about antibacterial agents and plant phenolics and terpenoids were represented respctively. Also their production and antibacterial activities were summarized in general.

Introduction

Results of spoilage of foods because of microbial organisms and pathogenic bacterias toxic effects, researches were directed to find new solutions which are natural, sustainable, low-cost and easy to produce in experience [1]. Because of that using plants for this processes is a great advantage.

Pathogenic bacterias are kind of bacteria which cause diseases with infections. There are small number of pathogenic bacterias in bacteria types, like Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Vibrio cholerae O139, Salmonella enterica, Serotype Typhimurium DT 104, Multiple drug resistant S. aureus (e.g. MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae etc. Despite their low percent in complete community, they pose a risk in human life.

Plants produce organic compounds and they also called as primary compounds (carbohydrates, peptides, nucleotides and lipids). Besides that, there are secondary compounds which produced by plants. A simple classification of secondary compounds includes three main groups: terpenes, phenolics and nitrogen containing compounds [2].

General information about antibacterial agents

Antibacterial agents blocks bacterial growth or can cause death of bacteria which we need in our daily lives in preserving toxic effects and preserving industrial production. Preventing spoilage of food, increasing shelf life, inhibiting bacteria’s growth, harvesting pathogenic bacterias like Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureusin, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureusin, etc. [1,3,4]. There are different applications to produce antibacterial agents (Silver sheets, synthetic chemicals etc.) [1]. Besides that essential oils, terpenes are used for providing these antibacterial effects [3]. This is an advantage using plant based compounds because it is more sustainable, ecological, available for production [4,5]. Antibacterials which come from natural products, cross through the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, disrupt the structure of their different layers and permeabilize them [6].

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General information about plant metabolites

Metabolites are intermediate products of organism and it seperates two main groups: primary metabolites and secondary metabolites [2,5]. Primary metabolites are generally acly lipids, nucleotides, amino acids, organic acids etc. whic have essential role in plant metabolism [7]. Secondary metabolites have not an vital effects in plant metabolism like primary metabolites but still they are efficient in long-period of plant’s life period [2,5]. These compounds have many unknown functions in plants but in general they provides plant defense to other organisms, signaling and storage also different classes of these compounds are create the bioactive compound in medicinal, aromatic, colorant, and spice plants and functional foods [2,7]. Secondary metabolites are separating three groups; terpenoids, the alkaloids and the phenolics [2,7]. Primary and secondary metabolites are not easily specified when looking their precursor molecules, chemical structures or biosynthetic origins [7]. There are different methods and techniques with different systems separating and identifying this compounds [2,7].

Importance of plant phenolics and terpenoids

Plant phenolics

Plant phenolics are widely distributed in nature and accordingly there are lots of biochemical activities in polyphenols [2,8]. They contains benzene rings with hydroxyl groups in general [8]. Many of them have three carbon side chains [2]. This kind of phenolics called as phenyl propanoids and their complex versions include flavonoids, one of flavonoid’s functions is giving a bitter taste to plants and plant extracts [2,7,8]. Phenolic compounds present many pharmacological and biological activities like flavonoids, including anthocyanins, flavonols (such as quercetin and myricetin), isoflavones (such as daidzein and genistein) and others are formed by multiple biosynthetic branches that originate from chalcone [2]. They have a huge role in plant defence, resistance and microbial infections, they contain all mechanisms as antioxidant properties and it is an advantage people who use them as vitamin [8].

Plant terpenoids

Plant terpenoids or terpenes have various and large structures as plant compounds compared to other metabolites [7]. They have ranging structures from linear to polycyclic molecules and in size from the five-carbon hemiterpenes to natural rubber, they consists of thousands of units [2]. Plant terpenoids function in defence and wound sealing in some plant species [8,9]. Terpenoids thought to block the penetration area of pathogens [9,10]. Some complex terpenoids contains sterols that affect fluidity of cell membrane which located in cell membrane [8,9].

Production of plant phenolics and terpenoids

Phenolics and terpenoids have low molecular weight, which means they are easily isolable and synthesizable, so, they are readily available in industry [11]. Plant based phenolics are aromatic compounds hydroxylated monocyclic benzoic acids to polycyclic compounds [12,13]. Vanillin, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde, is an example of natural monocyclic aromatics which extracted from vanillin orchid in beans [13].

Production process to produce secondary metabolites can be summarized as basically; developing culture, selection of cell lines, cultivation of plant cells, medium composition and effect of nutrients, elicitation, effects of environmental factors, biotransformation and analysis [14,15]. For industrial production in large scale, there are different kinds of culture systems like; hairy-root culture, the free cell suspension culture, immobilized cell culture and two phase system culture [14,15].

References

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