In society shopping has become a main interest involving a person's social status. The activity itself shows more about a person's relationships within society, than the products or services purchased ([2] Miller, 1998). Consumers do not just value the product or service provided when shopping, they highly value their experience in which time and money is contributing to ([3] Umesh et al. , 1989). Studies show that instinctively after purchasing one product consumers end up purchasing more, this is known...
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Chapter –I. Introduction Background of the study Cognitive dissonance is a social psychological phenomenon that creates mental discomfort which occurs after decision-making. Festinger described cognitive dissonance as a state which comes into existence when a person gets confused between two cognitions (thoughts), which cannot exist together and hence create tension for him. Each person has much cognition (beliefs or opinions) about himself or herself, other people, and the decision he or she makes. Any two cognitions can be either related...
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Introduction In this current era, interaction between humans and computers has increased. Humans are surrounded by computers, so the question arises that how well humans and computers are mixing with together? Are they like oil and water which is a difficult match or they are like peanut butter and jelly which is a satisfying match indeed? Imagine that while you are interacting with a banking ATM machine you become confused and inadvertently transfer a big amount to someone else’s account....
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Introduction: Learning theories are important in learning because they allow for students and educators to communicate so that students have the best understanding of a topic as possible. Cognitive dissonance is when learners try to work together to have consistent beliefs, and alter their behavior or attitude so that it reduces “dissonance”. In his theory of cognitive dissonance, Festinger (1957) portrayed cognitive consistency as a mental need that is as essential as eating to survive. Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that...
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What is cognitive dissonance? Cognitive dissonance, coined by Festinger (1957) refers to an unpleasant psychological state in which an individual's beliefs and knowledge do not align with their actions. Cognition refers to people's ideas and knowledge about the external world, their immediate environment, and aspects about themselves which include attitudes, emotions, behaviours and beliefs. Persons seek to reduce unpleasant states brought about by their inconsistent cognitions. Measuring Cognitive Dissonance D*= D*- total magnitude of dissonance experienced. D- Sum of dissonant...
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Cognitive Dissonance According to Hinojosa, Gardner, Walker, Cogliser, and Gullifor (2017, p.173), Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT) exists when an individual experience conflicting or contradicting situation between two or more cognitions, in which results in dissonance that causes unpleasant feelings of one’s self. The core of this literature review revolves around Conceptualisation and Research Summary, which includes Antecedents and Outcomes, of Cognitive Dissonance. Lastly, Practical Application will be implemented on the basis of those vital findings and discussions. Conceptualisation of Cognitive...
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The various revisions and amendments to the original cognitive dissonance theory have less to offer than the original theory itself. Critically evaluate this claim using one or two examples of such alternative theories. The theory of cognitive dissonance was first introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, establishing dissonance and consonance as a replacement for the more general terms, inconsistency and consistency (Festinger, 1957). Festinger proposed that humans store expectations of phenomena we believe match; when these expectations are challenged, we...
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Stress affects millions of people around the world on a daily basis. Stress can either be caused by a good or bad experience, this can either negatively or positively affect the individual. Stress can be caused due to many different forms including post-traumatic stress, anxiety disorder, depression, physical, social and emotional stresses. This can occur because of situations such as sport, school, or work. This type of stress occurs due to pressures from coaches, parents, partners, family, or friends to...
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