Winston Churchill said that “democracy is the worst form of government – except for all the rest.” Compare and contrast conceptions of democracy in the two theorists we have studied. Democracy is defined as “a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.” The concept of all the citizenry of a state participating in and having a say in the affairs of the state was controversial in the past...
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1.0 Introduction With the end of the cold war, a new political world order emerged. An order that witnessed the collapse of the former Soviet Union. This was accompanied by the belief in the triumph of Western liberal democracy. Such a belief was made by Francis Fukuyama in his book The End of History and the Last Man. According to him, what the world may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War; or the passing of...
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This is a really interesting question that requires initially some fundamental answers and clarification on the meaning of the term democracy before gradually moving into the area of comparative study and definition of the different democratic systems and how they compare to other forms of politics. This paper will then continue to conclude that what is valid here is not so much about the quest for an answer, for the varying differences of viewpoints about democracy itself but that it...
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In the history of the city-state of ancient Athens, two major coups took place to replace democracy with an oligarchy; the first took place in 411 BCE after the failed Sicilian Expedition and another in 4043 BCE that Sparta installed after the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. The first instance of evolution from a democracy into an oligarchy resulted from a decision made by the Athenians themselves. However, the second transformation of Athenian democracy was conducted by the...
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What did Madison see as the primary threat to democracy? How did Madison propose to keep this threat in check? Madison’s argument in Federalist #10 is that we need a republic over a direct democracy due to a group of people having varying interests and desires (factions) that would then be controlled by the majority. Madison stated that in order to correct the issues related to factions we would either need to get rid of the “causes of faction,” which...
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The term “Manifest Destiny” refers to the belief that white Americans must expand across the North American continent and that such expansion was ordained by God. The United States would act as the diffuser of Protestant Christianity and Jacksonian Democracy to as many people as possible. Because of this doctrine, several different presidents, particularly John Tyler and James K. Polk, were incredibly driven to expand and add more territory to the United States. The idea behind Manifest Destiny had been...
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Walt Whitman (1819–1892) was the greatest American poet and his classic volume 'Leaves of Grass' was considered both a radical departure from convention and a literary masterpiece. Whitman, who had been a printer in his youth and worked as a journalist while also writing poetry, viewed himself as a new type of American artist. His free verse poems celebrated the individual, notably himself, and had a sweeping scope including joyful attention to mundane details of the world. Whitman worked as...
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Was Cleisthenes’ role as a reformer of Athenian political institutions a significant one or not? In this essay, I propose to show the significance of Cleisthenes’ role as a reformer in Athens through his extension of power to the common people which further led to their involvement in political and governmental issues resulting later in the development of democracy. Cleisthenes introduced reforms to the constitution of Athens that allowed equal rights for all citizens and with the help of the...
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There is no denying the great influence the Ancient Greeks had on the Western world. History remembers Ancient Greece for its monumental contributions to art, and military strategy, and essential for creating the democratic societies that paved the way for our founding fathers. The ways in which these ancient civilizations functioned fascinate historians and philosophers alike. This particular part of history has accumulated an audience of all ages across the globe but Americans have the most to learn since our...
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In Greek Lives, Plutarch allows us to learn about, and understand, the lives of several interesting and important historical figures from Ancient Greece. In these biographies, we learn about their rise, their power, their deaths, and the insight all of these figures had. Of the seven men Plutarch talks about, I found Lycurgus, Cimon, Pericles, and Alexander the most interesting. Lycurgus was a very important figure within Spartan society. He was focused on the good of the people, not power...
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Democracy for everyone According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, there are some rules for every citizen around the world. For example, every human is allowed to live free from discrimination. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is seen as one of the milestones in the history of documents. It specifies all the rules for human life. Article 21 says that all humans should be allowed to vote for a representative government or be allowed to practice politics themselves....
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Once taking the time to think, one realizes that the ancient Greeks, especially the city-state of Athens, have affected nearly every facet of life. Athenian innovation continues to impact everyday American life. The Athenians are the basis of the American education system. They pioneered mathematics, philosophy, science, and the practice of medicine. Maybe the greatest single idea America learned from the ancient Athenians was the concept of democracy. America has embodied democratic principles since its inception in 1776. A constant...
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The essay’s argument is that a strong and united republic would be more effective than the independent states at controlling “factions” – groups of citizens united by some cause “adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the… interests of the community.” In other words, there were groups that had radical ideas that weren’t good for everyone. Factions are controlled by removing the causes or controlling the effects. This means that the government can either solve the problem with...
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The Roman And Athenian Democracy In ancient times there were colonies or small cities that lived by their own rules including making their own laws but not all laws were written later on. 2 major government styles were emerging which were a republic government or democratic government those two states were Athens and Rome which dominated the western civilization for a long time, and lastly to figure out which government styles between the roman republic and the Athenian government would...
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After raging tensions between two alliances, the triple entente and the triple alliance, World War I began. The main causes of World War I had an effect on the path the war would take us. Woodrow Wilson kept America out of the war for years but soon joined with multiple reasons that America would not tolerate. There were over 10 million military personnel casualties with Germany left in ruins. America is called the place of freedom, justice, and equality. They...
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The historical approach to concepts is based on the notion that “concepts have a history” and that it “seeks to improve our awareness of their historical depth. However, the motivation is not simply historical curiosity to explore how concepts were used in the past, but also to provide a better understanding of how they evolved and how we arrived at the meanings we employ today” (Berenskoetter 2016: 9). “Crudely put one could say that the historical approach lends itself to...
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Pluralism is a theory that argues a group of people, not all individuals, govern the country. These groups of people include trade unions, professional organizations, civil rights groups, financial lobbies, environmental activists, formal or informal organizations, or like-minded people. These associations dictate and make administrative laws and policies. The general public only acts as bystanders because the participants only constitute a tiny fraction of the whole population. An excellent example of pluralism is the American government. According to pluralists, the...
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Democracy: In Today’s World In today’s world, we are living in a modern and civilized era powered by technology. This all started a long while ago when all the nations started building. In different nations among different people civilization took place to make them stronger. People emerged as integrity as a whole with their diversity, locality, language, and systems. But what kind of system is perfect to make them stronger, more powerful, and more civilized toward their own nation? The...
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To start out, we live in a democracy and republic based on what we believe in, but a democracy is a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people, and in some cases, it can even be directed by the people, so we vote for who runs the government. I feel that democracy is a good state of government and it keeps us in order and helps our country thrive as we go into new things, like...
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As a result of various economic sanctions enacted against the United States by Great Britain and France, including the practice of impressment, where the British Royal Navy captured and forced Americans into naval service, the War of 1812 began. After a little over two years of warfare, the Treaty of Ghent was signed and ended the war, resulting in a draw as the U.S. gave up on their demand for the British to stop impressment, and Great Britain's ability to...
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Democracy is not a good thing, but it is the best system we can find so far. ——Churchill. In today's society, democratic countries account for a large proportion, Joseph Schumpeter’s ‘elitist’ view of democracy has an indispensable influence in today's democratic countries. Joseph Schumpeter said: “The democratic method is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote.”（Schumpeter J. 1947）Joseph Schumpeter defined democracy...
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Governments need to be held accountable to ensure that they don’t overstep their mandate and encroach on civil and individual liberties. A political ideology that best achieves this (holding governments accountable) is liberalism. A political ideology is a combination of ideals, principles, and doctrines that guide a social movement and political activity in a community. The concept of ‘best’ as it is indicated in this paper’s thesis, indicates a political ideology that offers the most optimal benefits to the community...
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The concept of Democracy has been described as something difficult to categorize, which ultimately led to the concept of polyarchy as a way of standardizing what democracy is to measure and classify different countries as such. This essay will assess how Dahl's (1973) definition led to a valid measure of democracy in countries. However, I will be arguing that, though this is one method of assessing democracy, moving away from the term ‘democracy’ as Dahl argues simply won't and hasn't...
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Democracy in crisis: Is Direct Democracy the Solution? Democracy is a big word in today’s world. Pure democracy is basically what most political systems are trying to achieve. It has many types and forms and all of them depend on the status of the particular country. Direct democracy is people voting themselves instead of choosing representatives to vote and decide the issues for them. Every country’s political system has it is troubling and the question remains, is direct democracy the...
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The most common belief amongst people all over the Globe is that the United States is the World's biggest democracy. However, whenever these beliefs change slightly, it always points out detrimental exceptions to foundational principles or core principles. For example, many critics argue that the loss of democracy in American history is a result of the election of unsuitable autocrats, harsh measures by the state itself, dangerous foreign interventions, the revelation of much corruption or malfeasance, and other practices which...
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Forms of government have been argued since the beginning of civilization. Disputes about how to run a government have led to the fall of empires and war. Because of this, we must look back at ancient civilizations to find which governments work best in the long run. Democracy may be the most tried form of government however it is ultimately the best way to run a government. There are two types of democracy; Direct Democracy, which means each citizen has...
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What is corruption? This is a question strolling through many people's minds. Corruption has come to be termed as the use of energy for personal gain. Corruption has been to speak of the century from again in the late 90s till date. Corruption has affected many aspects of the society. This has consequently led to the degradation of the society's morals and values. Corruption has come in many varieties such as bribery, fraud and country seize. However, human beings still...
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NATO began as a counter to potential Soviet aggression in Europe following the post-WW2 establishment of communist regimes in central and eastern Europe. However, the end of the cold war followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent demise of the Warsaw Pact left NATO with no obvious purpose. This ultimately brought about an existential question for NATO, because the threat that NATO had been set up to counter had vanished. NATO was still committed...
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An international organisation is an organisation founded by treaties controlled by international laws and owning its legal personality. John McCormick defines it as “a body that promotes voluntary cooperation and coordination between or among its members.” Member nations decide how the organisation is managed, cast votes within it, and finance it. The first attempt to create an international organization occurred in 1814 with the Congress of Vienna. To protect the deliberations of Vienna a kind of directory of the great...
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I am going to analyze Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, and The Constitution of Greece. This constitution was adopted in 1975. Greece named the period between 1821-1833, when the Greek War of Independence took place, the First Hellenic Republic, and was ruled by an absolute monarchy from 1833 until 1843 when it gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. From 1843 to 1923, the constitutional monarchy existed in Greece. The kingdom continued its existence between 1935 and 1974, in the country...
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