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The world ‘tour’ is derived from the Latin word “tornus”, meaning a tool for making a circle. Tourism may be defined as the movement of people from their normal place of residence to another place (with the intention to return) for a minimum period of twenty-four hours to a maximum of six months for the sole purpose of leisure and pleasure.
The Rome conference on tourism in 1963 defined tourism as a visit to a country other than one’s own or where one usually resides and works. This definition, however, did not take into account domestic tourism, which has become an important money-spinner and job generator for the hospitality industry.
The Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) defines adventure tourism as a trip that includes at least two of the following three elements: physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion. The definition of adventure tourism only requires two of these come to the fullest adventure travel experience – for example, a trip to Peru that involved trekking (physical activity) through the Machu Picchu trail (natural environment) and genuine interaction with local residents and/or indigenous peoples (cultural immersion). Adventure tourism can be domestic or international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but not last longer than one year.
Adventure travel is a type of niche tourism, involving exploration or travel with a certain degree of risk, and which may require special skills and physical exertion. According to the U.S.-based Adventure Travel Trade Association, adventure travel may be any tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, and a connection with nature.
According to Steve Taylor, Peter Varley, and Tony Johnston authors of Adventure Tourism: Meaning, Experience and learning.” Adventure tourism is an industry sector that has significant global growth as recreational opportunities have in increasingly commercialized. Adventure tourism has a great diversity of activities from those with little risk to those with significant challenges to participants although the perception of this may dramatically different
Adventure Tourism Research: a Guide to the Literature Adventure tourism is a substantial industry sector that to date has received relatively little research attention. The most relevant research is from outdoor recreation. The major research themes are: psychological, including thrills, conflicts, and norms; safety, including injuries, illnesses, and insurance; impacts, whether ecological, social, or economic; and participation and management. There has been rather little research on the structure of adventure tourism products or associated business aspects. Future research priorities include operational audits; commercial statistics; client characteristics; site geography; equipment manufacture; safety and insurance; recreation ecology; adventure destination marketing; and links with amenity migration and lifestyle. Introduction Adventure tourism is a large but little-studied sector. Here, therefore.
I review the principal themes addressed to date in adventure tourism research, to identify future priorities. This review does not attempt to summarise the findings of each individual piece of published research, but rather to discern the major directions in the research literature overall. To achieve this as succinctly as possible, clusters of related references are presented in tabular form. The number of references listed for different topics in these tables is not itself a measure of research effort, since for some topics there are recent reviews and for others, there are not. Rather, the titles and structure of the tables are intended to illustrate the research themes identified, and the references are there to demonstrate the data behind these patterns.
Adventure tourism has been variously defined broadly, it means guided commercial tours where the principal attraction is an outdoor activity that relies on features of the natural terrain, generally requires specialized sporting or similar equipment, and is exciting for the tour clients. There seem to be five books of particular relevance to adventure tourism: Miles and Priest on adventure programming in outdoor education; Hudson, focussing principally on sports tourism; Swarbrooke et al. on human adventure psychology; Easson on the philosophy and psychology of extreme sports; and Buckley on the structure of adventure tourism products. The majority of relevant research literature, however, seems to be derived from other fields of tourism, outdoor recreation, and outdoor education. Texts on ecotourism, recreational tourism, tourism in protected areas, and even wilderness management say little or nothing about adventure tourism, though some do mention commercial outfitters and outdoor recreational activities briefly.
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