In cancer research, viability tests are immensely significant. These tests are used to observe the characteristics of different kinds of cancer. In drug development, viability of hostile cells are tested against chemical substances to evaluate the potential of those substances in pharmaceutical use. Additionally, the adequate dosage for those drugs are also studied in vitro. Established in 1977 from a...
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In recent years, AI has gradually entered the medical field. Artificial intelligence continues to break through the sensitivity and specificity of machine-assisted diagnosis at the 'digital' level, and exerts its value in multiple scenarios. However, many products are still far from large-scale clinical applications, and it is not easy to obtain the approval of clinicians. For the big names in...
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Introduction As a point of departure, to understand how a tumour appears in our lungs we have to know how is our lungs anatomy. As we all know, the lungs are two organs located in the thorax and they carry out the breathing. They are separated by an area called mediastinum, where the heart, trachea, esophagus and blood vessels are...
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Breast Cancer is a common cancer in Hong Kong. It can be divided into invasive and non-invasive (Akram, 2017). Breast cancer does not only exist in females, but also exist in males. According to the Centre for Health Protection, there are total 4108 females and 15 males who are diagnosed in breast cancer respectively in 2016. The morbidly rate in...
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ABSTRACT Rise in deaths due to prostate and breast cancer are expected to continue in future. These diseases are the most common types of cancer for men and women across the globe. Machine Learning can be used to drop the number of deaths by these diseases with early detection. One of them is the classification of data of prostate cancer...
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Introduction This essay will seek to discuss the role of androgen receptor therapy in advanced prostate cancer. Prostate cancer and the androgen receptor (AR) will be discussed, namely the origins of androgen receptor targeted therapy, its development and role in treatment of advanced prostate cancer today, and the future of targeted therapy. Androgen receptor targeted therapy is utilised in advanced...
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Breast cancer is a form of cancer most common in women, but can also affect men, were cells in the breast tissue become mutated and multiply. This most commonly occurs in cells around the milk ducts and glands. In the first stages there are usually no symptoms but, as cancer develops the size or shape may change and a lump...
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Meg, age 50, currently on post-menopausal, was diagnosed with Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC), also known as one of the most common forms of breast cancer (“Invasive Ductal Carcinoma,” n.d.). The first sign of cancer was detected through a mammogram, followed by a physical examination and later confirmed by an ultrasound and biopsy. Three tumours/ lymph nodes were discovered. After surgery,...
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What is lung cancer? Lung cancer has become the most prevalent and threatening cancer worldwide. Parallel to most malignancies, lung cancer is composed of sub-populations of cells with distinct molecular features, resulting in intra-tumoral heterogeneity (Herbst, et.al, 2018). There are two types of lung cancer; small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Molina, et.al, 2008). NSCLC...
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Research has shown that one of the main biological factors for an individual for the development of skin cancer is that of their heritage, being of European decent. The level of pigmentation in a person's skin has a direct affect on the possibility of being diagnosed with skin cancer . Many Australians still hold the belief that having a tan...
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In the National Archaeological Museum of Lisbon, Portugal, a mummified middle-aged male of ancient Egypt is stored. Not long ago, scientists studied this corpse and found that there are many high-density round tumors between the pelvis and the lumbar spine, which is a typical manifestation of prostate cancer. Moreover, his prostate cancer has spread and spread throughout the body. From...
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What is Cancer? Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells in the human body that tend to grow uncontrollably and metastasise (spread to other parts of the body via metastasis, the process of growth of a secondary malignant kind away from the primary site of cancer) rapidly (in most cases). These cancers can involve any piece of tissue in the...
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Cancer is a global epidemic that takes millions of lives every year. There are many types of cancers but due to variables like the environment, there are certain ones on the rise. They can be developed through factors such as unhealthy diets, UV radiation, smoking, air pollution, etc. It is formed, in result, of a mutation of cancerous cells. In...
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Introduction The research paper 'Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks” proposes that mobile devices combined with artificial intelligence have the potential of providing “low-cost universal access to vital diagnostic care.” This means that there is a rise in technology to enable medical diagnosis in an effective and inexpensive way. To support their claim, the authors utilized a...
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Introduction An enormous increase in the incidence of breast cancer among women is widely seen. Prevention is always the better option, than fighting the disease. Mostly women do initiate the practice of breast feeding soon after giving birth, but majority does not put much effort to continue it .The exact relationship between duration of breast feeding and breast malignancy is...
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Cancer is a disease causes due to mutation in cells and damaged the whole immune system. There are a lot of methods and treatments are used to cure it. And one of them is the use of robots to treat the cancerous part. in it, following are used as nanotechnology, prostate treatment, cyber knife robotics etc Cancer It is a...
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Cancer is a type of tumour that forms when the protooncogene cells in the human body are converted to an oncogene. The oncogene cells replicate rapidly giving rise to a malignant tumour. Due to their speedy replication action, the infected cell and tissue materials spread into the other parts of the body if undetected. Cancer that occurs on the skin...
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Abstract The mortality rate due to lung cancer is increasing rapidly day by day. The major reason behind this increasing mortality rate is not being able to detect the lung cancer at an early stage. Even due to advancement in technology, the number of radiologists is limited and they are being overworked. Various methods which are based on technologies like...
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Why do we use sunscreen? To save ourselves from harmful sun rays, of course. Did you know that these harmful rays, aka UV rays of the sun, are the major reason of causing skin cancer? However, despite the UV rays, are there any other factors that can lead to skin cancer? Of course, there are. Genes are just one such...
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An ovary is a reproductive gland part of the female reproductive system that is responsible for producing oocytes and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. An ovum is released from the ovary each month with the intention of meeting sperm in the fallopian tube, traveling to the uterus, and implanting for pregnancy. According to the American Cancer Society, “about 22,240 women...
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Ovarian cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in one or both ovaries in a women’s reproductive system. These cells multiply out of control forming a tumour and if left untreated, the tumour can metastasise to other parts of the body. Being the most lethal gynaecological malignancy, ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the developed...
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Abstract Among the three basic types of skin cancer, viz, Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Melanoma, Melanoma is the most dangerous in which survival rate is very low. The proposed skin cancer detection technology is broadly divided into four basic cmponents, viz., image preprocessing which includes hair removal, de-noise, sharpening, resize of the given skin image,...
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Natural resources are simply the naturally occurring of resources where. People use these natural resources like water, woods, coals, lead, and many more in their daily lives for medical and construction purposes. This has benefited in the lives of many people and also has advanced in the evolution of the industries and modernization of the world. However, with the modernization...
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Diagnosis of ovarian cancer is impeded by the absence of symptoms in the early stage hence the disease presents with a high mortality rate. Since the discovery of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125) to the development of multivariate assays (Ova1, ROMA, Overa) that have increased specificity and sensitivity, there has been considerable progress in the discovery of biomarkers...
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It is usually not possible to know the exact reason why one person develops cancer and others do not. However, studies have examined the reasoning for why certain risk factors may increase or decrease a person’s chances of developing cancer. A few important reasons such as a person’s lifestyle behaviors, environmental and dietary factors, and occupational exposure are contributed to...
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Common facts about the organ and symptoms Ovaries are an integral organ in the female reproductive system in which ultrasound plays an outstanding role in diagnosing and differentiating many ovarian pathologies. The main function of the ovary is to release a mature oocyte every 28 days and to secrete oestrogen and progesterone for maintaining the reproductive cycle and to support...
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