During the fifth century BC, battles raged on land and at sea in a protracted and bloody conflict between the two leading city-states of ancient Greece: Athens and Sparta. On one side was the supreme naval power of Athens and on the other the dominant Spartan army, with each heading an alliance that involved nearly every single Greek state. The Peloponnesian War of 431-404 BC would reshape the Hellenic world. The pre-eminent account of the war was written by Thucydides,...
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The ancient Greeks and Romans created foundational civilizations that the modern world has idolized and used for growth for centuries. The modern world has taken many ideas from both these civil giants and incorporated them into recent times, and yet both the Greek and Roman empires sometimes gave different ideas on the same topic. Greek and Roman philosophies in both military tactics and leadership characteristics have similarities and differences, and both have influenced political institutions of today. Both Greek and...
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Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler of Macedonia and Persia. He is recognized as one of the world’s best leaders. Alexander the Great built the largest and most dominating empire in the world. He was born in Macedonia, Greece in three hundred fifty-six BC. Alexander the Great father was King Philip Two, and his mother’s name was Queen Olympias. His father was a Greek god, which we recognize today as “Zeus.” Alexander the Great succeeded his father at...
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Describe the manner of Alexander the Great’s death After 13 years of campaigning to build the greatest empire in the world, Alexander the Great returned with his army to Babylon (near modern Baghdad) to rest and strategize for his next conquest. His push for endless campaigning had led his generals to threaten mutiny; and through his increasingly eccentric behavior, he had lost the loyalty of some of his close friends. On May 23, 323 BC, Alexander attended a dinner party...
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Alexander the Great was one of history's most successful military leaders. His empire extended from western Greece to eastern India. Tyre was a mighty city-state located off the coast of modern-day Lebanon. The Tyrians became very wealthy through maritime commerce and the production of purple dye from Murex shellfish. They established, among others, Carthage on the coast of North Africa, which later grew into a maritime superpower. Tyre was comprised of two sections. Old Tyre was situated on Lebanon's coast....
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Fall of Athens: End of a Golden Age The downfall of Athens marked the end of a golden age. The same unerring golden age that molded Athens into the imperial, powerful, and glorious Athens that many think of it as today. Much of Athens’ glory was earned through the unlikely defeat of a vast Persian army in the Persian war by badly outnumbered Greeks while much of its democratic and military strength was followed by the rule of Pericles, an...
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It is often said that history is filled with “what ifs”. What if this was never discovered? What if this land was never conquered? What if this leader never ruled? There are three people who I think if they had not existed, or accomplished what they did, would have changed Western civilization as we know it today. The three people I am going to discuss are Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Constantine. The achievements of these three great rulers...
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The movie Troy is about the conflict between the Greek city-states, led by Agamemnon, and Troy, ruled by Priam. These two have this conflict because Paris, Prince of Troy, fell in love with Helen, wife of Menelaus who is Agamemnon’s brother and king of Sparta, and took her back to Troy against the wishes of his brother, Hector, who, with his father, had been trying for years to make peace with Sparta and had finally gotten that peace. Agamemnon had...
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When it comes to marriage, even the most beautiful and desirable women and the most powerful and sage men can turn a blind eye to the conspiracies of people. As obvious as it may seem, marriages are not always founded on love and affection; sometimes, it takes excellent alliances to bring two people together. The most beautiful woman in Greece Helen was the most beautiful woman of the age of heroes in Greek mythology. She was the wife of Menelaus,...
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Ancient Greece — known for its sophisticated sculpture, architecture, and famous philosophers — is full of history. Moreover, Ancient Greek history is full of culture, amazing architecture, famous philosophers, and most importantly, war. The History of The Peloponnesian War, written by Thucydides, is known to be a historical account of the Peloponnesian War which centers around the fifth-century BC war between two cities—Sparta and Athens. Thucydides was an Athenian historian as well as an Athenian general during the war. The...
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Greek Mythology traces as far back as nineteen hundred B. C. till the ninth century. When there are godly figures there will be people who illustrate these godly figures in many different forms of artwork. This results in endless amounts of artwork illustrating the Greek’s idea of their Gods. There are multiple different types of artworks, including dominantly paintings and statues made of stone and bronze. The prominent works are stone statues depicting the Greek Gods. The most recognizable Greek...
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The battle of Thermopylae, under the king Xerxes (486-456 BC) the Great son of Darius the Great, was another victory for Persians in the fifth century. The Persians were advancing on the battleground with their full might. Five million, two hundred and eighty-three thousand, two hundred and twenty men excluding the cooks, women, and concubines were ready for an assault on Greeks who were led by Leonidas I (Herodotus VII, 186). The Greeks were less than half of the total...
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The theory of the Spartan Mirage was first coined by Francois Ollier in the 1930s. Francois Ollier was a French historian who published a book titled ‘Le Mirage Spartiate’. The book outlined the effect of distortion of Sparta found in ancient writers like Xenophon, Plutarch, and Herodotus. These books have created a picture that the Spartan society was equal and united. The theory states that the perception of Sparta is distorted by sources written by non-Spartans. These writers either idealized...
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Was Alexander the Great a Hero or a Villain? Alexander the Great can be perceived as many different things, such as a villain, hero, or both. He did many good deeds and horrible ones in his lifetime, mainly while he was king of Macedonia and other areas he conquered. He was ruthless but also courageous, smart, and skillful. Alexander the Great was not a hero nor a villain, he was simply a prominent conqueror. Even though he used force to...
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Free-standing Dionysos With a Panther When I arrived at the gallery I had the first statue I saw in mind for my essay. Then I came across a piece that seemed to steal my attention. I was absolutely captivated. I had noticed the Statue of Dionysos standing next to a small panther. This piece is believed to be from the Hellenistic period of art. In Khan academy, it says “The word Hellenistic comes from the Greek word meaning 'imitating the...
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What are the salient features of art and architecture during the Hellenistic period? Explain its origin and impact on other cultures of the world (25) The art and architecture of this era mainly focused on personal lives. The sculptures and paintings made, depicted the figures having personal feelings and showing emotions. During this era Idealism was present. Most of the sculptures made were sponsored by the elites, especially royal portraiture was very common. To mark the achievements and to identify...
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From 431BC to 404BC two of the world’s most formidable superpowers, Athens and Sparta, engaged in one of early history’s longest and most brutal wars, The Peloponnesian War. Though both superpowers were located within close geographical proximity to one another, they were anything but similar regarding their cultural, diplomatic, and philosophical viewpoints. These three factors and perhaps more culminated together to create a rift between the two city-states, causing tensions and a hegemonic fight for power and dominance over ancient...
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Introduction Athens and Sparta were one of the most important city-states of Ancient Greece. Although, they were close on the map, they had different values and different lifestyle (York, Smart and Richards, n.d.). However, they also had few similarities and one can be seen in their form of government. In fact, both Athens and Sparta had an assembly which was elected by the people (York, Smart and Richards, n.d.). Another similarity is that both these city-states had slaves, and even...
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I strongly think that the Parthenon marbles taken by Lord Elgin form Greece should be returned back to Greece because Lord Elgin did not have permission to take the marbles. The Greeks couldn’t do anything to stop Elgin at the time as they were part of the Ottoman Empire. All the other museums are retiring stolen artefacts so why shouldn’t the British museum do the same thing to stop 2 centuries of bad feeling? Lord Elgin did not have any...
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In most cultures, there is always a god or a variety of gods that the people of mankind worship and look up upon. These gods are associated with culture, and blessings and are seen to be of great power. In Greek Mythology, there were known to be twelve chief gods in total. Some of the greatest greek gods and goddesses were Zeus, Poseidon, Aphrodite and Athena. They were all seen to exhibit great levels of power and control. The gods...
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The scope of variety within the world of sculpture is profoundly oceanic. The rich domain of history, culture, appearance, and overall styles all differ substantially, evoking different sentiments and emotions. The sculptures that derive from different cultures all speak different volumes, but sculptures from Greek culture, in particular, are undeniably breathtaking due to their realism and vivid, lifelike detail. The Greek sculptures are nothing short of staggering beauty and the sculpture of the goddess Nike of Samothrace's “winged victory” is...
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The Peloponnesian Wars (431 – 404BC), also known as the fall of Athens, demonstrated the power and capacity of the two of the strongest rival poleis in Ancient Greece, Athens, and Sparta, who were both competing for dominance. The two city-states varied across multiple aspects. Although the Athenians were well cultured and educated, had naval forces, and led the Delian League, the Spartan’s militaristic practices, values, army, alliances, and battle strategies significantly contributed to their cultural identity that helped secure...
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God's influence and contribution to the daily lives of the people of Earth realm. Each god possesses a set of unique talents and abilities that they’ve had ever since they were born. Gods like Mayari, have the ability to control the moon, Helios was blessed with the ability to control the sun, and Gods like Poseidon and Haik were blessed with the ability to control the tides of the oceans and the seas. Mayari, the daughter of Bathala and the...
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Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey are poems centered around the events of the Trojan War. The Iliad recounts the events from the Trojan war during the final weeks whereas The Odyssey is a sequel telling the story of Odysseus and his journey back home. Within the poems, the role of gods and goddesses plays an integral part in influencing the human characters and the events of the Trojan War. The divinities are split between the sides of the Trojans...
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Introduction Atlantis: The Lost Empire has been a movie I loved watching ever since I was little due to Milo, the dorky young scientist, who sets out on an adventure to discover the lost city of Atlantis with a questionable crew looking to capitalize on the mysterious power. The hues of blue throughout the movie and the magic of it all had always captured my attention, making me wonder if the lost island was really like how it was depicted…...
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This essay will be answering about the relationship between gods and morals in Homer’s Odyssey and particularly how do the lives of mortals differ from those of the gods and also how similar they are, then drawing a conclusion from this. In Homer’s Odyssey, the major gods that share significant roles are Athena, Poseidon, Calypso, and Circe with minor gods such as Zeus that has a supporting role in the story. Whilst Odysseus is one of the warriors that fought...
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Everything started with 'Master Erebus' the lord of Trenches when he trespassed against his siblings by entering the god's chamber without the ruler of the god's assent so far as that is concerned and intentionally taking the cutting edge of Olympus without considering the results because of a demonstration of his disloyalty, he left Mount Olympus on the blocks of franticness, Zeus was crushed when he entered the chamber and found that the sharp edge was gone and he could...
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Ancient Greek warfare and conflict was a common reoccurrence during archaic and classical periods due to the fact that the city states were quarrelsome whether it be because of religious difference ( the worshiping of different Greek gods) , political and philosophical differences. The common soldiery of ancient Greece were free citizens primary consisted of farmers or members of society with low social standing (not like those of mathematicians and philosophers whom had high statuses). Many of the solidary and...
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Entasis in Antiquity Refinements of architecture play an essential role in shaping the visual image and structure of the building. Refinements are conscious decisions made by the architects to revise the otherwise strictly straight lines of the building for aesthetic or practical reasons. Entasis, a slight convex curve of the shaft of a column, is a refinement frequently embodied by classical architecture. Many theories have been advanced to account for the implementation and purpose of entasis. The Parthenon, Temple of...
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There have been many cases of Western Architecture that have been destroyed in acts of war, natural disasters, or because of structural integrity failure. In this paper, we will look into why some buildings were rebuilt, how they were rebuilt, and why some buildings weren’t built the same. Other topics that may be touched on here will also be temporary buildings that have become permanent and buildings that were built to look as if they were destroyed and worn down....
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