In 2006 the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) released a report that conceptualised restorative justice as “…a way of responding to criminal behaviour by balancing the needs of the community, the victims and the offenders,” (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2006). The report goes on to further underscore the importance of exercising this form of...
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Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is set in Maycomb town in the U.S. State of Alabama. The fictional town is home to the Finches. Atticus Finch, a widower, lives with his daughter, Scout Finch, and son, Jem Atticus, during the Great Depression. Racism is a vital hallmark of life in Maycomb. As a prominent lawyer, Atticus understands the issue...
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Families expressed the view that the most reparative act the authorities could undertake was to reveal the truth about the disappeared. They were concerned that compensation through reparation payments was designed to divert families from pursuing the “truth about their loved ones” . Therefore, in this specific case, the value of truth and acknowledgement for victims and their families cannot...
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Have you ever been treated equal? Have you ever met ethical considerations and fair process? A view of recent research over thirty years ago, demonstrates that justice is the first virtue of social institutions describing the nature of transaction costs and their consequences for institutional governance. This elevates decision-making procedure, provides equity and develops acceptance of rules and decisions that...
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Authority gives the right to power, but for power to be used right it must be used in conjunction with justice. One of the main causes for injustice is prejudice. Within the book To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee in 1960, justice is an important theme in which Scout addresses uncomfortable truths about inequality and injustice within her...
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Both texts ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ and ‘Jasper Jones’ communicate the importance of justice and the relationship it has on the two different children in the two different texts. Though these two texts are completely different being a book and a film, there are still many themes shared between the two. Both different texts describe with major detail the different...
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In order to locate literature on the subject of the success of restorative justice, books, journal articles, as well as governmental and organisational websites were reviewed. The research identified three main aspects of restorative justice to consider which are: the application of restorative justice, the impact of restorative justice and finally the effectiveness of restorative justice. These sub-topics are addressed...
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While other developed nations are trying to reduce the levels of imprisonment, United States of America has focused much on penal sanctions on a variety of offences touching on adults. In 1970s, when American politicians realized that rehabilitative programs could not work, they persuaded American people that there was need to use tough methods for adult offenders. So from that...
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Populist politics and criminal justice policy-making refers to the influence public opinion and fear of crime has on politicians and policy. Moral panics and punctuated equilibrium emerging in the 1970s allowed populist politics to become dominant in society; influencing criminal justice policy making as politicians focussed on what was popular in the media, with moral panics causing the dominance of...
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I want to focus my project on global distributive justice and the issues of the current pandemic, concentrating specifically on vaccine distribution and health services. I aim to demonstrate that a global effort is vital. Since the world is so interconnected because of globalisation, and the pandemic is global and affects all, it is important to find a vaccine on...
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Introduction What is restorative justice? Restorative justice is the process to involve those who have a stake in a specific offence and to collectively identify and address harms, needs and obligation, in order to put things as right as possible (Howard Zehr) It brings those who have been harmed by crime and conflict into communication with those responsible for the...
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It is important to understand that restorative justice may not be beneficial from a victim’s perspective as it is a complexed issue. Not every individual that has been victimised is the same, there are various types of victims and offenders. They differ from race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, levels of education, sexual orientation, maturity along with others. These different factors...
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Social justice has been part of the discussion within Scottish Parliament since it was established in 1999 with one of the first policy programmes focusing on social justice (‘Social Justice: A Scotland Where Everyone Matters -Scottish Executive, 1999). Social justice is concerned with socially marginalised groups and how society responds to this. Inclusion is education’s response to social justice and...
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Introduction Restorative justice is an approach to justice that has its focus on a wide range of human emotions such as healing, mediation, compassion, forgiveness and reconciliation. According to Jim Consedine, (1997; 184) it is an approach that focuses on three key components; the offenders, the victim and the community on the needs of the victim. The purpose is to...
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Outline: Introduction of current statutes of the immigration issue in Europe Different perspectives of justice on the immigration problem Conclusion with personal review and opinion on the immigration issue The immigration issue is a recent issue that brings complicated situations to European countries. Although the EU and European countries are committed to improving European the immigration issue, the future situation...
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In this paper I will be discussing three key issues within the criminal justice profession which pertain to white collar crimes. The issues which will include: money laundering, racketeering and fraud. I will address the key points regarding these issues, create a time line from earlier crimes to crimes today as well as identify and describe multicultural and diversity issues....
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Sandel, M. J. (2015). Justice: What’s the right thing to do? New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Introduction: Harvard professor Michael J. Sandel’s “Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?” second half follows the same formula as the first half.After exposing readers to three philosophies regarding the term justice, Sandel moves from introducing readers to the contemporary philosophies of Bentham,...
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1. Introduction:- The law of crimes has been known to us through all ages of civilization. It is in fact as old as our civilization. Whenever men and women formed into an organized society, the need for a criminal law has always been felt. In primitive society, there was no organization in society. They lived in the nature. Self preservation...
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Introduction The mob justice report in a South African community, which was local news, became international. This is due to its broadcast on the internet through Youtube, which is made accessible worldwide. However, the report also raised some questions about its accuracy, and it has some implications on journalism. I argue that the media coverage of the mob justice was...
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The study of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice (1605) (Merchant) has illuminated the notion that individualistic desires lead not to the human experience of self-betterment, but instead on the experience of fragmented identity and relationships. Inspired by his Elizabethan context, Shakespeare challenges the ‘impartial’ justice system by revealing the resulting experiences of discrimination. Furthermore, Merchant explores how materialism paradoxically...
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Restorative practice brings those affected by conflict or crime into communication. This enables everyone’s involved in a situation to play a part in repairing the harm and finding a positive way forward. Nonviolent communicationis an important element towards evaluation when observing. When mixing evaluation with observation we decrease the likelihood that the others will listen to the intended message. Non-violent...
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Utilitarianism is the right action is the one that brings about the most overall happiness. This basically means a person makes a decision based on what he or she will have the most positive outcome. One should be an agent for their own happiness. Many decisions people do daily are for selfish reasons anyway. Right actions are the ones that...
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Introduction West (2018) describes ethics as someone’s moral principles of good or bad behaviour where it’s not based on consequences of these actions. Another view of ethics involves having a sense of duty to do the right thing as a company and for others (Hoover and Pepper, 2015). Tax avoidance is understood as deliberately sidestepping taxes to lower the tax...
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Understanding Scotland’s current high imprisonment rates · Introduction David Garland has observed that, since the 1970s, an unpredictable shift has been made from penal-welfarism, where the focus was on progress and rehabilitation, to a culture of control, characterised by the re-emergence of punitive sanctions and expressive justice. -add more detail from garland and introduce other authors who have noticed this...
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The article “Old Rape Kits Finally Got Tested. 64 Attackers Were Convicted.” is about how a women, Maisha Sudbeck, was raped in 2012. She had a rape kit tested on her that went untested. The case was eventually forgotten and left behind. In 2017 the kits were tested by a lawyer and found that the test came positive and a...
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The Crisis of Integrity in America “Cheating is as American as a rotten apple pie. According to the Josephson Institute of Ethics biennial studies of the behavior of American youth, two-thirds of students admit cheating on at least one test in the past year. Yet nearly everyone, 93 percent, claims to be satisfied with their personal ethics and character. In...
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People deserve justice and fairness, no matter where they come from or the color of their skin. The term justice means the quality of righteousness and to uphold the fairness of a cause. There has been crime passed on which still takes place now, lives have been lost and people have been injured and still haven’t received justice. Justice is...
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Roman Jurist, Domitius Ulpian, once said, “Justice is the constant and perpetual will to allot to every man his due” (Ulpian). As Ulpian explains, humans seek justice by placing blame on those who have sinned, and forcing them to face their necessary punishment. “Serial”, an investigative journalism podcast hosted by Sarah Koenig, “Inferno”, a mystery thriller novel by Dante Alighieri,...
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Dr. Martin Luther King once said, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” Discrimination is prevalent in almost every aspect of our lives, whether it is gender, religion, ethnicity, race, or sexual orientation. But when we do encounter those unfortunate situations, the majority of the time, we stay silent. What many do not understand is that the oppression of...
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In relation to Michael Sandel’s Justice, Jeremy Bentham’s theory draws a fine line between the decision on whether to vaccinate or not to vaccinate. According to Bentham, utilitarianism is defined as “maximizing the happiness of the community as a whole” (Sandel 34). In relation to Biss’ argument, although being vaccinated results in this “euphoria” that consists of happiness, pleasure, and...
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