Gene cloning is a biotechnology in which a section of DNA is isolated and extracted before being cloned using bacterial plasmids. To execute this process, a restriction enzyme isolates a specific gene from a strand of DNA and the plasmid, and then cuts the gene creating complementary sticky or blunt ends. These are joined to form recombinant DNA, which is...
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What is gene cloning and how does it work? DNA cloning is the process of creating multiple identical copies of a piece of DNA extracted from an organism. The very first step of making insulin is the synthetic creation of this human insulin gene. The human insulin gene is at the top of chromosome 11 in humans. Firstly there is...
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RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Recombinant DNA Technology refers to the process by which DNA molecules of two different species are joined together and then inserted into a host for the production of new genetic combinations which are valuable to science, medicine, agriculture and industry. Steps involved in this process are: 1. Isolation of genetic material The genetic material in living organisms...
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A gene is a nucleotide sequence which dictates the synthesis of a particular RNA or protein molecule. Their control over the produced proteins govern both phenotypical and genetic traits, including susceptibility to diseases like Cystic Fibrosis. Driving gene expression is Central Dogma, a two-step process in which DNA is converted to an intermediate RNA (mRNA) through transcription, then from mRNA...
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Under the current law, the treatment of mercy killing at the point of conviction and at the point of sentencing are considerably different and must be examined separately. Mercy killing at the point of conviction In convicting a defendant, there is no direct leniency given to those who have acted in the course of a mercy killing. R v Inglis...
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The cloning process is taking cells from an individual and replicating genes or DNA. In the process of cloning the gene is entered in the plasmid, which is a piece of the DNA (Overview: DNA cloning, 2019). There are four steps into the cloning process (Eric J. Simon, 2016). The steps are as follow; Put the gene in the plasmid...
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Over the last few years, the science of reproductive cloning has sparked ethical debates. Though most fears associated with reproductive cloning are valid and significant, there are certain misconceptions that have led to unnecessary fear and trepidation. The most significant arguments against reproductive cloning are that it is wrong to make a copy of someone as it affects the uniqueness...
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Introduction Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms. It is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. It is used all around the world, but mainly by the rich countries, like the United States, Spain, France and more. In medicine, biotechnology has many functions. From DNA sequencing, to healthcare biotechnology, to cell replacements. The main focus of this report...
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The word euthanasia (greek term meaning good death) or mercy killing is the act of painless killing of suffering patients to relieve them from the pain they are experiencing. Euthanasia can be carried out either by doing something, such as administering a lethal injection, or by not doing something necessary to keep the person alive. A person who undergoes euthanasia...
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Enterococci are facultative anaerobic and Gram-positive bacteria often forming normal fecal flora of humans. However, these bacteria are increasingly appearing as primary pathogens among patients with compromised immune systems (Hemalatha, Bhaskaran, Sowmiya, & Anusheela Howlader, 2017). This manifestation is believed to be due to its resistance to various antibiotics along with its ability to form biofilms and acquiring some virulence...
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Clones are living organisms that are genetically identical to another organism. Although cloning can be seen in nature (e.g. twins and organisms that reproduce asexually), it is possible for scientists to clone animals. The personality of the clones, however, is not the same as the original animal’s due to the environment and random mutations occurring during development in the womb....
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Cloning hit the mainstream news media when Dolly the sheep was successfully birthed in 1996, thus becoming the first ever mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Cloning is a term used to describe a variety of processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of an entire living organism or part of a living organism. The...
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In 1954, the first successful transplant in a human was performed (Prabhu, 2019). It was a kidney that was given from one twin to another (Prabhu, 2019). Since then, technology has branched to include lots of different procedures. With the advancement of technology comes the question of what is ethical and what is unethical. One of those debates is centered...
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INTRODUCTION Numerous discussions over euthanasia have been going since ages among wellbeing experts. Euthanasia word originates from Greek and also widely known as willful extermination which means great passing or makes a finish of life effortless, shorting life in remarkable condition. Person's perspective toward euthanasia is relied upon numerous conditions, for example, religious background, race, and so on. Euthanasia can...
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What is cloning? There are 3 main types of cloning (Genetics Generation, n.d), Reproductive, Gene and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning is when a copy of DNA is inserted into a vector which is then able to be copied by the host, therapeutic cloning is when stem cells are cloned to treat disease and for research and Reproductive cloning which is...
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Understanding Euthanasia: Definitions and Types Euthanasia is the process of deliberately ending someone’s life in order to calm uncontrollable suffering. This usually applies to people who are in a coma or paralyzed and are on life support. Mercy killing, doctor-assisted suicide, dying with nobility, a good death, are some of the terms used to express this act. It has been...
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Introduction Euthanasia, a common term used for assisted death, refers to the process where a person’s life is taken so as to end their pain and suffering. The term is derived from the Greek word meaning good death (Patil, 2013). The moral consequences attached to such an act can become quite complicated. Philosophical debates on the matter have been prevalent...
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Imagine, you have just been diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumour. The doctor tells you that you have less than six months to live and that your time remaining will be extremely painful and you will likely encounter severe seizures and horrific bouts of daily vomiting in the months before your body finally surrenders to death. Would you wonder if...
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Imagine you have been diagnosed with a chronic illness with excruciating side effects. You are unable to eat, sleep, or walk without overwhelming pain. The doctors say you have under six months left to live and you know that you will spend that time suffering. You no longer have the desire to live and begin considering euthanasia. But what actually...
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Introduction to Euthanasia and Ethical Dilemmas Today, there are various opinions on what should be considered ethical and/or unethical. At an early age, many people learn the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, but we all tend to develop our own ideas of why something is right or wrong and/or good or bad. Although we learn these concepts...
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The element of euthanasia (painless assisted killing of a patient that is suffering) is that it is seen as morally wrong to assist in someone's choice of death over life because it is basically assisting a person suffering to commit suicide. If Euthanasia would be illegal it would cause problems. These problems consist of the individual unable to make the...
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Introduction to Cloning Cloning is a biotechnology tool that uses the genes of a biological species to create an identical copy. In the past scientists have cloned basic cells and genes, and even complex organisms such as sheep. A complex organism is a multicellular organism with many different types of cells such as skin, blood, or liver cells. The copy...
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It basically involves a method for developing a replica of tissue, organ or cell which are inherently similar to each other.it occur in nature- for instance, when some cell replicated itself asexually without chromosomal mutation and linkage. In prokaryotes, bacteria can produce a genetically alike copy of itself with help of binary fission. On other hand, in eukaryotes like in...
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Ethics is defined as a system of moral principles which involves the process of questioning, discovering, and defending our values and purposes. An individual’s behavior or actions are governed by moral principles. An excerpt from Beauchamp and Childress’ ‘Principle of Biomedical Ethics’ which was first published in 1979 brought to life the four morals of healthcare ethics which included ‘respect...
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The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the various viewpoints of Christian deontology and utilitarian physician with regards to euthanasia. Euthanasia involves termination of the life of an individual to relieve them from their suffering due to terminal illness. The act of euthanasia as sparked a lot of debate among philosophers who have deontological and utilitarian perceptions....
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In the world today, there are trials in life that really cross our ethical boundaries. One of the example is medical challenges. Euthanasia is also called mercy killing for someone who is terminally ill or for somebody who is suffering from a disease that is painful and cannot be cured. This act of killing is in a painless way in...
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Introduction With the changes in views of modern society, what are ethically acceptable and unpleasant lies with the individuals? Most of the people in society believe that they have the freedom to decide what is appropriate as far as their life is concerned however, some believe that it is not proper to interfere with nature especially when it regards life....
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Ethical codes of practice have evolved throughout history as a consequence of events, studies, and human nature. Ethical consideration was first documented by the American Psychology Association (APA) when founded in 1892, a majority of the first psychological articles published focused on ethics. A review of the articles indicated that psychologists were exploring ethical issues that are still currently researched...
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