Introduction Genome-editing, a recent technological advancement in the field of life sciences & is one of the techniques used to explore the understanding of the biological phenomenon. Besides having different site-directed nucleases for genome editing over a decade ago, the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein) based genome editing approach has become a choice of technique due to its simplicity, ease of access, cost, and flexibility. Cells have several inherent mechanisms for the repair of double-strand DNA breaks...
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Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine. Bioethics blends issues concerning ethical questions that come from a multitude of areas, from life science to biotechnology, medicine, medical ethics, politics, law, and philosophy. It is a rather young academic field that has emerged rapidly as questions about basic human values such as the rights to life and health, and the rightness or wrongness of certain developments in healthcare institutions, such as life technology,...
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The process of “how much” genetic versus environmental factors matter has recently been replaced by questions about the processes that may mediate the relationship between the genome and social/environmental phenomenon (Spinath and Bleidorn,2017) For many years there have been debates on nature versus nurture but in contrast, we will be looking at how these two aspects work in unison to bring about cognition. We will try to understand the real meaning of gene-environment interactions and discuss its roles and influences...
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The key goals in performing this study in-lab was to determine how PCR can be used to amplify desirable segments of DNA, examine how agarose gel electrophoresis can separate DNA fragments via size, and analyze DNA fragments on agarose gels to determine our PTC diplotypes. The collection of this data was done by gathering a sample of cheek cell DNA, then combining said cells with an InstaGene™ matrix (BioRad Laboratories) to isolate the cheek cell DNA (Lintott 4). It was...
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Genetic engineering is the process of directly manipulating an organism’s genes in order to modify a desired set of characteristics. Humans have been altering the genome of species for thousands of years through selective breeding and artificial selection, however, it wasn’t until the discovery of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid in 1972 that DNA could be directly manipulated. For several decades, scientists and geneticists experimenting with gene editing saw varying degrees of success; these experiments were also very expensive and took several...
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DNA is the inheritors and carriers of the organism. DNA plays a unique role in the flow and evolution of heredity. Originally DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is composed of three types of material. These are Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar and 4 types of Nitrogen Alkaline. The Nitrogen Alkalines are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. DNA contains our primitive generation, our previous history, and stories. How do we relate to our familiar faces, other than human beings, our relationship with other natural ecosystems...
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Gene cloning is a biotechnology in which a section of DNA is isolated and extracted before being cloned using bacterial plasmids. To execute this process, a restriction enzyme isolates a specific gene from a strand of DNA and the plasmid, and then cuts the gene creating complementary sticky or blunt ends. These are joined to form recombinant DNA, which is then inserted into bacteria via heat shock to be cloned. Gene cloning is used for many reasons such as to...
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Genetic Engineering is highly controversial since some people believe that it is a form of playing God. There is a lot of opposition to the progression of the field by people who do not see the value in genetic engineering, or they fear what genetic engineering may lead to for us as people. There is a history of discovery that belongs to genetic engineering which has led to numerous products that have emerged. These have brought numerous applications to the...
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Abstract In conceptual view of big data, some living data is selected and that data is called medical data, this data contains a crucial piece of details that used for analysis purpose, after performing such kind of analysis methods the biologists can easily know the outcome of bioinformatics science more efficiently. This research is like an outline of the data sequencing and method of analysis by providing details about the DNA. It also shows the dissimilarity between the two analysis...
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DNA which stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid is the basic unit of hereditary. DNA is a molecule that consists of the information an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce. It is also known as the life instruction of the cell. These instructions are found inside every cell and are passed down from generation to generation. DNA is mainly found in eukaryotic cells. Most DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell which is also termed as nuclear DNA and...
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Abstract Amylase is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands and pancreas of Homo Sapiens to hydrolyse polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen (Tracey 2019). Variation in the number of AMY1A gene copies is thought to be a result of ancestral heritage and levels of consumed starch (Tracey 2019). Results from a previous study conclude there to be a positive correlation between the number of AMY1A gene repeats and salivary amylase protein expression (Perry et al. 2007). Given these findings,...
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Abstract The following paper is about genetic disorders, the one in which has been discussed in great detail being hemophilia, the gene therapies for such genetic diseases and the advancement that have been made in this particular field of study. As you read you find the definition of gene therapy and what it involves as well as how genetic diseases happen and how they are treated. The genetic disease of hemophilia is also discussed in great detail. Hemophilia is an...
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Imagine a world where no one has chronic diseases. No babies die of genetic diseases within a year of being born. Imagine a world where the government dictates who can reproduce. A world where those with mental afflictions or physical disabilities are sterilized. Some of these statements elicit feelings of joy and progress, while others bring up feelings of unease and bigotry. This paper will cover the positive and negative aspects of Eugenics as well as the modern and proper...
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Gene therapy can pose great risks such as short-lasting effects, generational effects, and worst case; deaths. Since there are great risks to each case there are many ethical questions in line with the use of gene therapy. It can be hard to weigh the pros and cons, when it comes to such sensitive topics. For example, as demonstrated in the chapter Genes as Medicine by Sean B. Carroll, although the effects of gene therapy may not pose great threats to...
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This is defined as the study of practices which aim in improvement of undesirable characters which are inheritable. There are theories of criminology which eugenics relate to and they include; biological theories of crime which explain some behaviors which are contrary tothe expectations of the society by examining the characters of the individual. Those behaviors include violation of laws. Another example is the criminal justice of crimes which tends to explain that the rates at which the crimes are committed...
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The society in which we live is supported in different perspectives with excellent technology. When new technologies advance, always it produces opposing views and conflicts between the different groups that hold them. One of the biggest technical controversies is whether genetically modified organisms (GMO) which the plant, animals, insects or micro-organisms whose genetic make-up has been changed using modern laboratory techniques, should be allowed or not. Some people think that genetic modification should derive its greatest potential because it can...
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DNA analysis is one of the greatest technical achievements for criminal investigation since the discovery of fingerprints. Methods of DNA profiling are firmly grounded in molecular technology. – Committee on DNA forensic science, National Academy of Sciences. For this project I chose to do DNA in the criminal justice field. What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for sure, is the chemical in cells that specifies the composition of proteins along with other cellular components, contributes to their synthesis. DNA...
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INTRODUCTION Gene is that the elementary physical and sensible unit of heredity. Genes square measure comprised of desoxyribonucleic acid. many genes move as pointers to create particles referred to as proteins. In any case, various qualities do not code for proteins. In people, qualities fluctuate in size from some of hundred desoxyribonucleic acid bases to in more than two million bases. The Human order Project evaluated that individuals have somewhere within the vary of twenty,000 and 25,000 genes. Each individual...
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is becoming more common in criminal investigations to characterize forensic biological specimen. This paper will examine mtDNA analysis in the forensic field, the expertise and training required and its strengths and limitations. The strengths of mtDNA analysis are the following: mtDNA has a high copy number, it provides an alternative option when nuclear DNA (nucDNA) is not viable, better recovery from degraded samples, confirms maternal relatedness and some discriminatory power using hypervariable regions. The limitations of...
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The DNA of every individual is unique. Even identical twins have variations in their DNA that makes it unique. DNA can not only be used to identify a person but can also reveal medical issues and project potential health problems that may arise in the future (“DNA test company 23andMe now fueling medical research”, 2018). Law enforcement has been using DNA to help identify criminals for many years and has created a very large DNA database (Dedrickson, 2018). The military...
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With a growing population and increasing demand for food, particularly meat products, agricultural practices need to adapt to improve environmental efficiency and yield. Sources suggest that by the year 2050, the human population will surpass 9.1 billion and if our agricultural systems do not adapt to a changing world there will be a devastating food crisis within the near future (Sohngen, 2017). The following report looks at a specific aspect of the claim in which it is considered whether the...
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Should we increase human well-being or honor difference? The thought of molding future human to fit some pre-thought ideal of power and beauty is one that should make us contempt. Once a fashionable field of question, the study of ultimate offspring remains related with some of the worst overabundance of the 20th century, from forced cleaning to massacre. The lesson we might be lured to draw from this is to let nature proceed ignored, free from human interruption, and embrace...
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Abstract This paper examines the negative ethical consequences that newly developed DNA tests have on individuals and their privacy within society. Although DNA testing has beneficial uses, there are a wide variety of negative effects in using, unregulated at home testing kits known as LTDS. Many companies do not have clear privacy policies for customer’s privacy when using their services. This puts their information at risk to be sold to third parties or stolen. Use of these kits can also...
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Introduction Cell division is important for an organism's growth. However, DNA must be replicated before the cell divides. DNA is the hereditary molecule that stores instructions to make proteins.1 Since DNA is the hereditary material, it must be copied from a cell to its daughter cell and this is done by the process of DNA replication. DNA replication is a process of copying DNA to produce two identical copies of the original DNA.2 It occurs in both eukaryotic cells and...
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Genetic modification can be quite a controversial topic when one considers its possibilities and drawbacks. It can involve “germline” editing, which means modifying DNA in such a way to influence descendants. Other very popular forms of developing gene-editing technology is CRISPR and Cas9, which involves the targeting of specific sequences of base pairs of DNA. Many proponents argue for the plethora of possible health benefits that human genetic engineering could provide, while opponents often see technology as too limited for...
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New technology is being used and integrated into society in the area of forensics using DNA. A profile of an individual is created when any physical traces are left behind at a crime scene, like blood, tissues, hair, or anything else harboring DNA. All of this information gets compiled, organized, and stored on computers to be cross-checked with the profiles of other individuals. Other techniques like “dusting for finger prints” (prints that are lifted from objects that have been touched)...
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Introduction Apoptosis refers to normal and coordinated death of cells where cells degrade their cytoplasmic contents and DNA. [1] It takes place in multicellular organisms as a programmed response of defense against noxious agents. It can also take place during the regulation of cell populations within the tissues. This analysis will further the definition provided above and explore causes of apoptosis. It will describe the morphologic and biochemical changes that are associated with apoptosis to develop a good understanding of...
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Gene therapy is the process through which healthy genetic code is included in cells to replace abnormal genes or create a desirable protein. Researchers explore various gene therapy strategies to resolve problems such as mutated gene replacement with a healthy gene code. This deactivates any mutated genes and adds a healthy gene into the body to help tackle a genetic disease. There are two possible mechanisms that could be used to undertake gene therapy: Somatic and germline gene therapy. The...
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Gene therapy is a technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. Gene therapy replaces a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene. Introducing a new gene into the body helps fight a disease (U.S department of health and human services (2019)-gene therapy. Retrieved from ghr.nlm.nih.gov). Gene therapy uses viruses to deliver DNA in viral vectors. Inside the viral vectors are a healthy gene to replace the mutated gene. Gene therapy isn’t officially available...
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double stranded molecule made up of two chains that bend around each other forming a double helix. DNA carries the genetic/ hereditary material that makes us all unique, unless you are an identical twin. DNA was first discovered in the 1860s by Swiss chemist Johann Friedrich Miescher. Johann was researching the vital components of white blood cells, which is part of our body’s immune system. To test the cells, he decided to collect bandages from...
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