Introduction Conservation of biological resources has become imperative due to the accelerated climate change that challenges the survival of many species of organisms essential to maintain the balance in various ecosystems. Exploration of genetic resources and its diversity is one of the best methods to gain insights to develop a suitable program for conservation and utilization of resources at the brink of extinction and subjected to endangerment. For plants, molecular marker technologies like Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Simple Sequence...
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Discovery and development of forensic genetics took a long time and required a lot of field practice. After the discovery of the ABO blood types, scientists start to use blood groups in identification for forensic genetics. In 1910, the French criminologist Edmond Locard proposed the Locard’s exchange principle and stated that “every contact leaves a trace,” which laid the foundation for modern forensic science (1). In 1953, the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA enabled the start of forensic...
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In most developing countries there are two types of industries that issue, direct and manufacture poultry genotypes: one using high performance laying or broiler genotypes; and the other using lower performance indigenous breeds, having lower performance chicks with higher cost makes it unprofitable to commercial broilers under harsh conditions. The performance of the idigenous genotypes improves under constricted feeding conditions, however, not to the extent that it is economically viable. Today there is a lot of concern about what comes...
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Climate change and anthropogenic measures are an increasing obstacle for global biodiversity. As global biodiversity continues to be threatened and ecological systems disturbed, measures for conserving biodiversity can become challenging (Sutherland et al., 2010).Similar to other ecological systems, marine environments face several anthropogenic challenges, such as overfishing, chemical contamination, pollution and habitat loss (Korpinen et al., 2016). Along with climate change, these factors all contribute to the ongoing decrease in genetic diversity of marine species (Pinsky et al., 2014). Ellegren...
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Introduction In this experiment, we will be examining genetic inheritance and the transfer of traits such as performed in the experiment done by Gregor Mendel with his garden peas. However, unlike Mendel, we will be using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nematodes instead of garden peas. C. elegans are worms measuring at around 1mm and consume E. coli and other microorganisms such as bacteria. They are useful in understanding biological functions especially ones found within humans. The worms have a very...
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The pre-mRNA breaks and separates from the DNA template strand, which then returns to its original form by rewinding into a double helix again. It then moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. Within the pre-mRNA there are regions which do not code for any amino acid (non-coding regions) and are not expressed, there are also regions called exons which do code for amino acids and are expressed. The non-coding regions are called introns and need...
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Introduction Through this essay, I will introduce intelligence scientifically as a component of many different traits and defining it in context of research on intelligence in humans. It has many different definitions and can be spilt into statistical values, such as g and IQ, or specific traits that contribute to overall intelligence, such as cognitive ability, fluid and crystallised intelligence, memory, or verbal reasoning. the nature vs nurture debate is controversial and currently being investigated in research, and I have...
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All living organisms such as plants and animals inherit certain trait from their parents. The field of quantitative hereditary qualities manages phenotypes that are available in an isolated population. Quantitative genetics involves three basic variables known as the phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variance. All these three are related with a simple mathematical equation (P = G + E). The genotype and environment can interact as well to give P = G + E + GE and these are the basic...
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Clinical Description Sengers syndrome (SS) was first described by Sengers et al. (1975) and is also known as cardiomyopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome-10 (MTDPS10) (Calvo et al., 2012). SS is a very rare genetic disorder; approximately 59 cases have been reported to date throughout the world. SS is inherited in an autosomal-recessive manner and characterized by congenital cataracts, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, exercise intolerance, and lactic acidosis but normal mental development. SS might present in two forms, an infant lethal...
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As inhabitants of the twenty-first century, there has been significant advancements in the field of genetics. One such technological advancement that is still developing may make it possible to “select” our children’s genes and characteristics (Agar, 2006). In effect, “designer babies” will likely be a possibility in the near future. A “designer baby” defined by the Oxford English Dictionary is “a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to ensure the...
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Genetic improvement programs for livestock in the developed countries have advanced to the present stage, mainly because the infrastructural elements necessary for planned breeding programs such as thorough performance recording and AI (Artificial Insemination) are available. In addition, advances have also been made in population genetics and statistics which have made it possible to develop genetic improvement schemes applicable on a national scale (buvanendran, 1982). SELECTION PROGRAMS IN DAIRY CATTLE The importance of selection programs in tropical breeds No serious...
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This essay aims to answer this question by evaluating the role of genetic responsibility in doctor-patient confidentiality in the context of individuals suffering from Huntington disease (HD). HD is an uncurable and progressive neurological disorder characterised by late onset of motor, cognitive and behavioural changes. HD is an autosomal dominant disorder where an individual offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting the HD causing allele (Caron et al., 2018). Genetic responsibility is the responsibility of one’s genetic information to self...
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Plant rearing is the study of changing the attributes of plants so as to create wanted qualities. It has been utilized to improve the nature of nourishment in items for people and creatures. Plant rearing can be cultivated through various procedures going from essentially choosing plants with alluring qualities for engendering, to strategies that utilize information on hereditary qualities and chromosomes, to progressively complex sub-atomic systems (see cultigen and cultivar). Qualities in a plant are what figure out what kind...
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Introduction The genetic disease explored throughout this report will be 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DS), including the importance of diagnosis through genetic testing. The analysis of the disease and test should examine and answer the inquiry question: “Should genetic testing for the diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome be available without cost for newborn born with congenital heart disease?” DS is currently the second most causes of developmental delay and congenital heart disease. Population screening studies only began in the 1990s. The...
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Intro A person’s behavior is determined by a combination of inherited traits, experience, and the environment. Some are innate and some are learned. Inherited traits can control or manipulate one’s behavior. For example, a person who is born to parents who had anger issues may act highly violent/aggressive in a stressful situation. People don’t think of them as controlling our behavior because most of our behaviors are learned, rather than inherited. However, some behaviors are so beneficial to the human...
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Genetics in ecology helps us to understand the dynamic relationship that genetic diversity has with conservation, by applying phylogenetics, and using this to aid the evolutionary potential of the genetic structure (Allendorf et al. 2013). By monitoring the genetic structure of a species, a conservation priority can therefore be established. For example, a species considered as monotypic will have a higher priority as it is more at risk of extinction, along with species that have a small population, consequently resulting...
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Today in biology the field of genetics is its own ever-expanding branch; geneticists can now tell us the entire blueprint for the human body due to a project completed in the early 2000s called the ‘Human Genome Project’, over 30,000 genes have been coded and the chromosomes that house them logged in a complete set of DNAs which can show what makes a human being. A genome is the complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical compound that contains the...
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Eugenics is a term commonly associated with the dreadful moment in history regarding World War 2. It is defined as “the practice or advocacy of controlled selective breeding of human populations to improve the population’s genetic composition” (Merriam Webster). Many people of the United States are unaware that we had similar, though not as extreme, actions towards the eugenics movement. In the past, we had promoted eugenics through the sterilization movement. Now, with up and coming technologies, we once again...
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Humans have been breeding dogs for at least an estimated 14,000 years, it is said to believe that the evolution of the domestic dog evolved from the wild grey wolf (Canis Lupus.) As humans began domesticating dogs, they had begun to favour specific traits such as dogs with particular physiques and temperaments, hunting skills, intelligence, behavioural traits and even the simple companionship between man and dog.By selecting the most favourable dogs to breed, humans were unconsciously using artificial selection to...
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Human DNA is present in every cell except RBCs and can be found in body fluids like saliva, blood, semen, vaginal fluids, bones, teeth, hair and sweat. DNA has its individuality and DNA typing methodologies are subjected to scientific and legal scrutiny. DNA has been used as unique investigation material in forensics since Alec Jeffrey introduced RFLP in 1985 for identifing the unique markers in the genetic material.[4] DNA Quantification estimates the amount of DNA present in the source of...
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Abstract In this paper , we propose the technique of DNA-Genetic Encryption (D-GET) to make the technique more reliable and less predictable. In this process, any form of digital data is binarized and transformed into DNA sequencing, reshaping, encrypting, crossover, mutating and then reshaping. D-GET 's main stages are repeated three times or more. Encrypted data is transmitted in a text or image file format. On the other hand, the receiver uses D-GET to decode and reshape the obtained data...
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Quantum mechanics is a dimension of science that describes the behavior of energy, waves, subatomic particles and the uncertainty principle mathematically. It was founded by a group of scientists in the 1920’s to uncover more about the physical properties of nature. One of the founders, Erwin Schrödinger, published a book titled ‘What is Life?’ in 1944 where he claimed that there is a radical difference in the random motion of atoms at the molecular level between living things and nonliving...
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Eugenics is the practice of upgrading the human species by selecting specific people to reproduce with a wanted hereditary trait. The term Eugenics means “good creation”. The main idea is that it will breed out disease and undesired traits from a human population. It is believed that eugenics could breed out illnesses like mental illness, criminal actives, and even things like poverty. Eugenics influenced people who agreed with the practice to reproduce with people who had good traits other than...
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The Covid-19 is the Coronavirus it is an infectious diseases caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Cov-2 It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. The impact on society has been immense from complete lockdowns to people socialising to business closing and fear for the safety of people everywhere in the world. Lock down for business all over the world The Covid-19 outbreak has become one of the...
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In recent years, there has been a colossal decrease in food security, quality and availability. This has resulted in the employment of science and technology, to improve food security, quality and availability by means of genetic modification. There are lots of controversies surrounding the topic of genetic modification and I will be providing an argument for and against the use of genetic modification in plants. But firstly, what are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? “Genetically modified organisms can be defined as...
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Genetic modification (GM) is a method that uses technology in order to alter and improve the genetic makeup of an organism. For example, Golden Rice is genetically modified to increase its health benefits by placing Vitamin A within it. Why is Genetic Modification Carried Out? GM is a significant process utilised in a variety of ways that can benefit the production of crops as well as improve the behaviours of organisms. Due to high demands in crops, they have been...
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Gene editing, a group of technologies that give scientists the ability to change an organism's DNA, is of vital importance in cell and gene therapy. CRISPR is a revolutionary gene editing technology which has become the hottest research tool in the field of biological sciences in just a few years since its introduction in 2012. However, people may still wonder if there are any other types of gene editing technologies. A short review of gene editing clinical trials Although CRISPR...
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Abstract CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and CRISPR associated protein Cas9 has revolutionized gene and genome editing. This system was discovered in prokaryotes as a defence mechanism to protect themselves from viral predators via three basic steps of spacer-acquisition, Crispr RNA (crRNA) processing and interference. CRISPR-Cas display a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that memorize previous infection by integrating short sequence of invading genome-termed spacers. CRISPR-Cas9 has been developed into a simple, inexpensive and versatile tool for genome editing....
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The debate of nature vs. nurture is a centuries long discussion splitting psychologist’s perspectives on human behavior and traits. The nature position of the debate focuses on how DNA and genotype influence behavior and personality. It is essentially hard-wired into your being. On the other hand, nurture leans toward outside influences and interactions shaping your mind. Nurture is founded on the belief that your mind is a blank slate, or a “tabula rasa.” Some psychologists believe in both sides, saying...
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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PROLINE Scientists advanced transgenic cultivars overexpressing the P5CS gene from Vigna aconitifolia (moth bean). The converted cultivars showed enlarged proline accumulation compared with the nontransformed wild plants by 10- to 18-fold. The enhanced levels of proline contributed to flower development and enlargement of root and plant dry biomass. The rice OsP5CS1 and OsP5CS2 genes were expressed together in tobacco.The transgenic cultivars of the second generation (T2) recorded 3.2-fold increased proline accumulation along with improved root length and...
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