Gene editing in agriculture Gene editing involves making distinct changes in the DNA sequence of a plant/animal cell creating a desired genetic make-up. Gene editing is a powerful tool for genome editing which requires high specificity and uses enzymes known as nucleases which cut the DNA at the desired site while another sequence is inserted to replace the cut sequence (Fridovich-Keil, 2019). The development of gene editing techniques was challenging; however, the breakthrough of gene editing was made successful by...
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Genetic modification is the process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism. This has been done indirectly for thousands of years by controlled, or selective, breeding of plants and animals. Modern biotechnology has made it easier and faster to target a specific gene for a more-precise alteration of the organism through genetic engineering. The terms 'modified' and 'engineered' are often used interchangeably in the context of labeling genetically modified, or 'GMO,' foods. In the field of biotechnology, GMO stands...
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The clinical symptomatology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered to be the result of an extensive destruction or disorganization of the cerebral cortex, as the patient’s cognitive functions become impaired. Late onset Alzheimer’s disease affects 5-10% of people over the age of 65 years old and while the case for this disease has not yet been fully understood, it is believed that a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors affects the risk for developing the disease. Researchers have not...
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WHAT IS GENETIC MODIFICATION A transgenic species (TGS) is defined as an organism that has had part of another species genome transferred into its own gene through the techniques of genetic engineering. This is often called “Genetic Engineering”. It allows selected individual genes to be carried from one organism into another and their traits to be passed on. Further, transgenic is the process of extracting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from another organism’s genome and combining it with the DNA of the...
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Agricultural practices of harvesting crops (fruit and vegetables) must consider the environmental impacts, profitability for produces and unknown effects of the genetic modification of foods upon consumption. The biggest issue surrounding GM foods is consumer uncertainty and varying attitudes, and controversy surrounding the labelling of whether or not certain foods have been genetically modified. This investigation aims to evaluate and report current practices to educate consumers, parliament and produce suppliers regarding GM foods and the marketing and associations related. A...
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Introduction The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, is a serious pest that has cost Australian farmers hundreds of millions of dollars due to its destructive nature of Australian horticulture and fruit production. They are widely distributed across the eastern and northern territory of Australia and are known to be Australia’s most difficult and costly biosecurity challenge (Taylor, 2016). Learning more about these flies will help tell us more about their behaviours and adaptations that will help us produce controlled measures...
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Genes are the building blocks of DNA, which makes us who we are. Gene Editing is the process of breaking the double strand of DNA and then deleting the gene disruption. It then replaces the disruption with a new and healthy strand of DNA. Gene editing affects life on earth. Our genome affects us and our behaviour towards others. Gene editing changes an organism’s genes to alter its traits. If you alter the genes, you change the being carrying them....
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Background Introduction Do you believe that scientists will change genes in the future? The late physicist Stephen Hawking predicted that the wealthy would use gene-editing to improve the DNA of their offspring, potentially leading to the creation of superhuman species that would rapidly self-renew and self-evolve, from pure humans to genetically modified humans (Stephen Hawking. (2018). Brief Answers to the Big Questions). But now Hawking's prediction is coming true. In November 2018. A Chinese scientist He Jiankui published his report...
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A eukaryotic cell is a cell that incorporates DNA which is surrounded by a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have a few things in common that cells have. The endosymbiotic idea clarifies how eukaryotic cells have evolved from prokaryotic cells that lived collectively. Prokaryotic cells do not have any nucleus and are not membrane bound organelles in which as a eukaryotic cell does. It consists of a cellular membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and genetic fabric. Figure 1 show’s a diagram...
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DNA database plays an important role in the world, specifically the criminal and forensic world. DNA database, in this case forensic DNA database. The term DNA database refers to a collection of DNA samples and any other evidence stored as DNA profiles. DNA database could be extremely useful during criminal investigations. For example comparing a DNA sample, specifically taken from a crime scene, to a suspect’s DNA stored in a database, would determine whether the suspect is guilty or not,...
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Introduction A molecular marker is a DNA polymorphism within a single nucleotide sequence that can distinct from other individuals within the identical population. In these makers, a visible marker causes a change in phenotype. However, these markers do not create an observable difference in phenotype, but both markers have similar characteristics. Moreover, both visible and noticeable markers can be utilized and generate a linkage map with far more intention than a map make use of phenotypic markers alone (Griffiths et...
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Introduction DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid, contains vital coding that makes up the entirety of an organism (Lesk, 2005). These long, double helix structures contain four nucleotides which sequentially create nucleic acids, then consequently combine in different ways to form specific proteins that perform various tasks for the organism during its lifetime (Sanderson, 2007). Once the animal reproduces, this genetic coding is passed on to offspring (Lesk, 2005). There are many practical uses for DNA extraction, which range from its use...
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Science fiction texts use many different ideas and messages to explore possible futures. These ideas and messages warn the audience about a possible future and make a comment on the present. Gattaca, a movie made in 1997 by director, Andrew Niccol, and Movement, a short story by Nancy Fulda, both use ideas and messages to comment on the present and predict dystopian futures. They both use the idea that genetic modification will lead to a loss of free will. However,...
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Human Gene Modification may have its positives, but it is dangerous to our society and may damage what makes us human. What is it that makes us human and differentiates us from all other species? Humans have superlative brain development and thus we experience a range of emotions and behaviours unlike any other living things. We feel passion, love, hatred to the extreme and behave and act in response to these emotions. This makes us unique and links us in...
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Abstract DNA analysis is very important in forensics as it is a method to discover a victim or perpetuator of a crime. The study done was to extract DNA using a buccal swab and analyse it using a capillary gel electrophoresis which was then compared to determine the perpetuator of a crime. The DNA was extracted, quantity of DNA determined using a nanodrop and then a capillary gel electrophoresis was done. The DNA collected was of low quantity being 0.0686...
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Gene Therapy Imagine if people living with life threatening diseases had the chance to have a second chance at life, with gene therapy that could be possible. Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment that works by replacing a disease causing gene with a new working gene, or by introducing a new gene to cure a condition or make its effects less severe ('Gene therapy', 2019) The technique was developed in 1972 but has had limited success in treating...
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Rationale and background The growth and advancements of GM technology are rapidly evolving. The original claim stated that ‘genetic technology will benefit society in the future?’ This then led to form the more specific question, ‘will genetic modification technology affect human evolution positively or negatively in the future?’ The question was refined to make the focus point about one certain component of the advancements in GM (genetically modified) technology, leading to the final questions of ‘Will genetic modification technology affect...
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Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid, often abbreviated to DNA, is found in the nucleus of the cells of almost all living organisms on earth. DNA contains the genetic instructions for making proteins and how an organism will develop, live and reproduce, and is often referred to the building block of life for organisms (reference). DNA is arranged in a spiralling double helix shape, similar to a twisted ladder, and contains thousands of repeating nucleotides, which are the structural components of DNA. Each...
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Rationale Regarding the claim made that ‘Sex linked genetic diseases affect more males than females’, many queries and investigations were raised. These then led to questions such as ‘What is a sex-linked genetic disease?’ and ‘What are inheritance patterns?’. The claim did not specify what kind of diseases were studied and what quantitative number of males were affected and that meant reviewing it would be very difficult. Subsequently a detailed research question was proposed: RQ “Does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)...
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Overview Genetic modification is the process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism. This has been done indirectly for thousands of years by controlled, or selective, breeding of plants and animals. Modern biotechnology has made it easier and faster to target a specific gene for more-precise alteration of the organism through genetic engineering. Genetic modification dates back to ancient times, when humans influenced genetics by selectively breeding organisms, according to an article by Gabriel Rangel, a public health scientist...
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Gene therapy is a technique used by doctors to prevent and treat illnesses and diseases by inserting a gene into a patients cell, (Mayo Clinic, 2019). It is a more advanced form of biotechnology, which involves modifying and developing genetically living organisms to improve the overall quality of life for humans, (Khan Academy, 2019). Modern biotechnology advances technologies and products to provide for the food for the hungry, help fight the war on the rare and unbearable diseases, cut down...
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Introduction Over the years, rapidly advancing technology and new scientific theories have resulted in growth in many areas of scientific thought. Scientists of the past who had endless questions about the human anatomy and the interesting nature of genes have discovered that most of the answers lie in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms. Due to its overwhelming complexity, the life-changing discovery of DNA’s structure...
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Abstract It has been recognized that women in prison have numerous gender and social issues that need to be considered. These considerations include less access to health services, histories of physical abuse, mental health needs, homelessness, drug and alcohol abuse, poverty, and lower access to education. Women require different health and social attention than men when incarcerated. This paper looks at the involuntary sterilization of women prisoners, and various gender, class, and race concepts. The history of forced sterilization, the...
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Scientists are constantly striving to make what was once thought of as impossible, possible. But, often in this race to break barriers, what holds back the scientific community is the ethical implications of their actions. With new gene-editing technology, such as CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs, becoming well-known and easily accessible, genetic alterations are no longer an impossibility. The introduction of these methods presents untold opportunities for genome modification in plants, animals and even humans. However, while there are many positive applications...
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Introduction The world’s population is expected to rise to 9.8 billion by the end of 2050 (United Nations , 2013). Due to the amount of high developing population rise, there will need to be affordable, sustainable safe food due to this will require a lot of food whilst, the resource limits and environmental degradation is becoming further evident as the days continue. Due to this, the difficulty of feeding the population is becoming much more of a significant issue, especially...
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Viruses have continuously challenged our perception of what ‘living’ means. The scientific community have constantly debated whether viruses are classified as living or non-living organisms. Viruses are very important complexes of biochemical that influence all types of living organisms including bacteria, yeast, plants and animal cells. Viruses are blobs of RNA or DNA surrounded by a coat of protein. They do not consist of organelles and therefore cannot make copies of their selves. Living organisms also are assumed to compel...
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Introduction Radiation is the emission of energy from any thing. There are many varieties of radiation, starting from very high energy radiation like x-rays and gamma rays to very low energy radiation – like radio waves. UV rays are within the middle of this spectrum. They have more energy than visible light, but not as much as x-rays. So Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10nm to 400 nm that comes from the sun...
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Introduction Plant genetic engineering is a very important technique towards the productivity of better yield of crops. Cell wall is a great obstacle in genetic engineering techniques for transfer of foreign genetic material to obtain desirable products. Because it doesn’t allow the large particles to enter in the plant cell. Nanoparticles are promising materials for the transmission of biomolecules, inferable from their capacity to cross plant cell walls without outer power and profoundly tunable physicochemical properties for differing load conjugation...
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Prokaryotic organisms are known as the single-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus, and their DNA floats freely in the cell cytoplasm. For a protein to be synthesized, both processes of transcription and translation almost occur simultaneously. When the resulting protein is no longer needed, the transcription process stops. As a result, the primary method to control what type of protein and how much of each protein is expressed in a prokaryotic cell is by the regulation of the DNA...
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Introduction “There are three signs of old age: loss of memory… I forgot the other two.” – Richard Bernard 'Red' Skelton (July 18, 1913 – September 17, 1997) an American comedy entertainer. One often joke about getting older, and all the other elements that go with old age especially forgetting, but for some this may be a joke or one may joke about it because it’s a scary part of getting older, the fact is Alzheimer Disease (AD), dementia with...
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