Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud offer bold critiques of human morality that greatly differ from the commonly accepted views of virtue and ethics. Both reject the idea of morality as an instinctive or natural element of human life. Rather, they contend that morality has been created in reaction to the realities of human existence. Although Freud and Nietzsche both claim that morality is a reactive creation, they greatly differ in their accounts of the value of morality. Nietzsche claims that...
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In The Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses Freud’s psychoanalysis to develop conflict between the characters. In the book, Jack and Piggy do not get along. They have almost opposite personalities. Jack represents the dark side of mankind and Piggy represents the vulnerable side of mankind. William Golding uses the characters, Jack and Piggy to represent the relationship between Freud’s Id and Ego. Jack displays Freud’s Id when he acts solely based off of his instincts. He acts before...
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William James (1842-1910), Harvard professor of psychology and philosophy, is considered one of the pioneers of the psychology of religion. For James, religion is a deeply subjective phenomenon and not the acceptance of theological teachings. “While I was in general depression about my future, I was suddenly overcome by a terrible existential anxiety. The image of an epileptic that I had seen in the asylum appeared in my mind's eye”, reported the psychologist William James during a lecture at the...
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Erik Erikson was a 20th century psychologist who developed the theory of psychosocial development and the concept of an identity crisis. EARLY LIFE Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1902. Erikson never knew his own father; he was raised by his mother and stepfather, who married in 1905. He struggled with his identity throughout his youth as he felt his stepfather never fully accepted him as he did his own daughters. Erikson grew up using his stepfather’s surname;...
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On a late September morning in 1891, William James walked reluctantly to his class in Harvard College’s Sever Hall. Characteristically dressed in a colorful shirt and a Norfolk jacket with a boutonniere, he must have seemed slightly bohemian. His lectures were spontaneous and rambling, unlike those of his more logical, organized colleagues. James claimed he did not like teaching, particularly to listless Harvard undergraduates. Yet he was good at it, even exceptional. Conversation with James, Walter Lippmann recalled, was “the...
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William James, philosopher and psychologist, was instrumental in establishing Harvard's psychology department, which at its inception was tied to the department of philosophy. James himself remained unconvinced that psychology was in fact a distinct discipline, writing in his 1892 survey of the field, Psychology: Briefer Course, 'This is no science; it is only the hope of a science' (p. 335). Despite James’s skepticism, in the ensuing century this hope was fully realized in the department he helped to found. Initially...
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In this essay I will begin by explaining psychological theories. Furthermore, I will evaluate how a care worker could use psychological theories to understand the behavior of an individual. Lastly, I will evaluate these psychological theories by looking at the strengths and weaknesses of each of them in regard to working with an individual. Erik Erikson and the Lifespan Theory is a psychological theory. Erik Erikson (1902-1979) was of the writers who developed the psycho-dynamic approach. He believed that there...
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Introduction According to Britannica a feral child is a child that has grown up, accidentally or intentionally, with limited human contact. But just because these children grew up with little to no human contact; it doesn't mean that they are any less human. For example, Victor of Aveyron, a twelve year old boy who was found completely naked looking for something to eat. When he was first found, he was mute, he couldn't perceive human contact, and often exploded into...
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I have interest in psychologist theory of psychological feature development as a results of varied schemas to plug learning and development throughout the stages. This can be achieved by giving children several exposure to the surface world. Being exposed to a diffusion of learning-by-doing experiences from a young age may facilitate build up those internal index cards. Then, as we have a tendency to tend to mature, it’s concerning broadening the experiences and applying them to new, even theoretical ,...
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The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the work completed by Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Piaget has been credited for the theory of cognitive development. The theory of cognitive development states how children develop intellectually during childhood (Comer, 2013). Piaget's work will be evaluated, and how his theory has impacted on modern-day psychology. The second psychologist that will be discussed is Sigmund Freud (1985-1939). Freud is also known as 'the father of psychoanalysis'. Freud has been credited with developing a...
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Promoting effective nursing care is based on the thorough understanding of human development across the lifespan. It aids in forming appropriate expectations regarding human behaviour and responding appropriately. Many theorists over the course of history have philosophised concepts regarding this, from Freud’s psychosexual theory to Vygotsky’s social development concept. Each theoretical approach differs but play a part in building new theories with the purpose of understanding development. This paper will discuss two theorists: Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. By examining...
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Abigail is a 6-year-old girl who lives in a quiet area within Kilwinning, North Ayrshire. She lives at home with her mum Wendy and pet dog named Sacha. Wendy is currently a student, therefore has a low income. Abigail attends Pennyburn Primary School and is in primary 2. Most days she attends breakfast club and after school care while her mum is at college. Abigail likes swimming, football, dancing, karate, reading, drawing, painting & unicorns. The past year has been...
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What is attachment? Two theories of Child/Adolescent development are Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory. Piaget was a strong proponent of constructivism which viewed learning as a search for meaning and described elements that helped predict what students understand at different stages of development. Freud emphasises the importance of the unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud alleged that we are forced to act in a way or another due to the unconscious process. These unconscious processes make us...
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Introduction Cognitive development is concerned with the stages of human development, which encompasses memory, rationale and the ability of making choices (Ahmad, Hussain, Battool, Sittar & Malik, 2016, 72). According to the cognitive development theory, developed by Jean Piaget, children experience various levels of cognitive awareness of their environment, and each child is developing at their own pace (Lefa, 2014, p.1). In other words, children form an understanding of what is known to them and anything out of the extraordinary...
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Behaviourism Behaviourism looks at human behaviour as being a result of stimulus-response, behaviourism says that not matter what behaviour we look at it can be boiled down to this simple stimulus response. Due to this behaviourism is generally more interested with observable behaviour, and not things such as dreams and thoughts. It also believes that due it being a result of stimulus-responses that all behaviour is learnt, thus planting itself firmly on the nurture side of the nature nurture debate....
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Jean Piaget was an influential Swiss psychologist and author who was able to prove something no one thought was true: he discovered that the way children think is unique and completely different from the way adults think. He carefully studied his own three children and created four stages of mental development based on his findings ('Jean Piaget.' DISCovering Authors, Gale, 2003.) He published many books over his long career and was able to greatly influence education at the elementary level...
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Introduction Cognitive development is that the construction of thought processes, together with memory, drawback determination, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Among the specifics of Cognitive Development are, information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development and memory. Learning Objectives are; Be able to establish and describe the most areas of psychological feature development. Be able to describe major theories of psychological feature development and what distinguishes them. Understand however nature and nurture work along to provide psychological feature development....
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Sigmund Freud defines id, ego, and super-ego as the three parts of the psychic apparatus in his structural model of the psyche. Id is the part of someone's personality that contains basic drives, ego deals with the organized part of someones personality and with reality principles, and superego contradicts Id and aims for perfection. The Lord of The Flies by William Golding is about a group of young boys who get stranded on an island and resort to their human...
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The ancient Greek story, Oedipus, although slightly disturbing for the modern-day college-student, prompts a very important question: can we escape our fate? ‘Free-will’ or ‘freedom’ versus ‘determinism’ has been a central problem amongst philosophers since Epicurus. Although it may seem to many of us that we are consciously making the choices we are, by our selves and with no influence from outside forces, it is important to question the accuracy of this belief. Are we truly ‘free’ in the actions...
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Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality defined the pride principle because the habitual in search of of instantaneous delight (gratification) and heading off of ache (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). The reason for procrastionation behaviour can also, however, now not be this simple. Procrastination is an emotionally rooted, multifaceted construct (Abramowski, 2014), described via Scher and Osterman (2002, p. 385) as “a substantial hindrance to academic success”. Rothblum, Solomon and Rumakami (1986) described educational procrastination as the tendency to dispose of...
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To fully understand and analyze a text it is difficult not to look at the author, in this case Edgar Allen Poe. Although Poe once claimed that his short stories are in no way about his personal life or about him, it is hard to imagine an author writing about something that they know nothing about or haven’t experienced at one point or another. Reading “The Fall of the House of Usher” through a Freudian lens helps us understand and...
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Abstract In this paper, we will be discussing Freud’s impact on Psychology. We will deep dive into what exactly made Freud the Father of Psychology and his journey leading up to it. We will learn how his theories, mainly psychoanalysis, still affect the field today despite his passing in 1939. Understanding his early life will help us see how his childhood memories helped shape his future theories. We will also dissect the inner mind behind Freud and his reasonings for...
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The question I will be answering is Discuss the impact on an individual of a conflict between the structures of the mind identified by Freud. Some well-known psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, carl rogers, and Ivan Pavlov made major contributions in the field of psychology in the understanding of the human mind and behaviour, some of these psychologists were major thinkers and others caused controversy, however, all of them have a major impact on the psychology field, Sigmund...
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Introduction Amongst the many psychological theories, the oldest and rigorously studied are Psychoanalysis and Adlerian/ Individual Psychology by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Both these theories made a mark on the history of psychology. Adlerian therapy refers to a growth model that emphasizes on assuming responsibilities, creating a person’s destiny and finding ways, means, and goals of creating a meaningful life. Psychoanalytic therapy is a theory that put many emphasis on personality development, and a philosophy of nature of human...
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What are dreams, what allows them to happen, and what do they mean? Today I will discuss with you two theories of dreaming. Sigmund Freud’s 1899 ‘Interpretation of dreams’ (Freud, 1995) theory as well as Carl Jung’s The Archetype and The Collective unconscious (Jung, 1971). Modern-day psychologists perceive dreams to be the result of unsystematic brain activity that occurs while asleep, other psychologists consider the famous dream theories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, who hypothesize that dreams can reveal...
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Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is a personality theory which says that people go through different life stages of development, It basically focuses on the unconscious factor in which our drives are present which are the reason for our motivation, human mind also has three provinces which include: ID- pleasure principle, present entirely in unconscious. Has all our impulses, desires and pleasures. Ego- Reality principle, operates both in subconscious and conscious, it basically tries to fulfil id’s desire in an acceptable manner....
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Introduction Hassan and Bhat (2012) noted the main reason for education is to lay a solid foundation for personal development and to enhance learning in a self-directed manner. Students motivation is essential for quality education. When students are motivated, they are happy to learn and engage in academic activities which could lead to success. Students can be motivated by their teachers, peers, content of a lecture, process of learning, environment etc. and demotivated by lack of funds, interest, unfulfilled psychological...
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Humanistic theory gets its beliefs from the basic goodness and respect of humankind. It is based on the existence of an understanding of the acceptance of one’s life and responsibility. The two leading theorists that made the way to this theory are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. They made it easily approachable to understand the personality and improvement of the overall satisfaction of oneself. In the humanistic view, you are responsible for how you live and the actions you take...
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The origins of religion have been disputed thoroughly over time. Whether an individual is a believer or not, it is hard to miss the influence of religion in society. Great architectural works, poems, art and literature have stemmed from religion globally. Since the early 20th century, secular scholarly traditions have accepted that religious traditions are merely tools, created in order to organise societies, and not necessarily accounts of divine intervention. They argue that the distinctions we have for religious fact,...
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With thousands of self-help books published under ‘personality’ each year, and with thousands of psychologists, psychiatrists, scientists and psuedo-scientists identifying a nondescript number of personality types and the traits which fall into them, the idea of the personality is something of a modern phenomenon. Particularly in modern history, the contemporary understanding of the ‘personality’ finds its origins in ‘the long era’ (1955 to 1974) with political movements becoming centred around notions of identity: race, gender and sexuality, rather than simply...
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