Utilitarianism, as an ethical theory, falls under the broader category of consequentialism. Consequentialism posits that the morality of an action is determined solely by its consequences, rather than any inherent qualities of the action itself. Within this framework, utilitarianism stands out as a prominent and influential approach to ethical decision-making. This essay explores utilitarianism as a form of consequentialism, examining its key principles, historical development, and implications in ethical reasoning. Definition of Utilitarianism and Consequentialism Utilitarianism is a moral theory...
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Transcendentalism, an elevated form of American Romanticism, is a philosophy, which gained a large following in New England during the 1830s and 1840s. It was the combining of Romantic ideas with existing elements of American beliefs. Taken apart, the word âtranscendentalismâ is not too difficult, the verb âto transcendâ means âto go beyondâ something. For the Transcendentalists, the term meant simply that there are truths that go beyond, or transcend, proof. These are the truths known to the heart rather...
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The dumbest generation? In 1991, the theory of generations by two American scientists. According to this theory, every 20-25 years appears new society with its own habits, beliefs, and behavior. This might be the reason, why the question of fathers and children is actual for decades. Our parents will never understand us while we will never understand our children. But why do older generations always accuse younger ones of stupidity or degradation? This is the eternal circulation. But if our...
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Every relationship goes from one stage to the other, despite the uniqueness of that relationship. Each stage has its characteristics and issues, which is why some relationships last for a lifetime and others do not. Relationship stages fluctuate. It goes here and there, to and fro. Some end in termination. Mark Knapp described stages that people progress through as they develop any kind of relationship, whether it be a romantic or friend-based one. Knappâs relational development model consists of two...
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The World Health Organization (2019) defines mental health as âa state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stress of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can make a contribution to his or her societyâ. For a behavior to be considered abnormal, it must be deviant from normal behavior, it must cause distress, it must be dangerous, and well as cause dysfunction in a personâs daily routine (Davis, 2009). When...
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This review of the literature has led me to my research question. âKnowing that motivation, growth mindset, and expectations link to success, how can teachers integrate early opportunities for success into units of work to build confidence whilst also encouraging self-reflection? I feel that this question is particularly relevant to my setting as I perceive a lack of resilience and high expectations as a key barrier to success in my pupils. The studies I have considered have allowed me to...
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The figure of the witch comes from a long history that precedes the United States by many millennia. The witch can be traced back to the mythology of Ancient Greece in which female association with magic is almost always portrayed as destructive or threatening. Examples of this include Circe, Medea, and, most famously, Medusa. The classicist, Mary Beard, states that Medusa's severed head remains 'one of the most potent ancient symbols of male mastery over the destructive dangers that the...
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Moral philosophy serves as a guiding light in navigating the complexities of ethical decision-making, offering us insights into how we should approach moral dilemmas. Within this realm, utilitarianism and Kantianism emerge as two prominent ethical frameworks, each with distinct principles and applications. In this essay, we will delve into the key principles, differences, applications, and implications of utilitarianism and Kantianism, shedding light on their contrasting perspectives. The Foundations of Utilitarianism Originating from the minds of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart...
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Introduction Utilitarianism and deontology are two prominent ethical theories that guide decision-making in various contexts. Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing good outcomes, while deontology emphasizes moral rules and duties. This essay argues that deontology provides a stronger platform for critical decision-making in society due to its emphasis on moral principles and human dignity. Utilitarianism: Pursuit of Good Outcomes Utilitarianism, founded by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, prioritizes the maximization of good outcomes. The principle of utility dictates that...
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Introduction Utilitarianism stands as a moral framework grounded in the pursuit of the greatest happiness and utility. This essay aims to delve into the various traits and characteristics inherent in Utilitarianism, shedding light on its complexities and nuances. By focusing on key contributors such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, we can explore the diverse perspectives within Utilitarianism and analyze its traits in depth. Teleological and Deontological Theories Utilitarianism incorporates both teleological and deontological perspectives in its ethical framework....
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Introduction Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that posits the maximization of utility as the basis for moral decision-making. In the context of abortion, utilitarianism weighs the consequences of terminating a pregnancy against the potential benefits to determine the ethical course of action. This essay explores the utilitarian perspective on abortion, highlighting the ethical considerations and implications involved. Abortion: Definition and Context Abortion is the deliberate termination of human pregnancy, often performed under various circumstances. While some argue for its legality...
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Introduction Utilitarianism and libertarianism stand as two distinct ethical theories, each offering a unique perspective on moral decision-making and societal organization. While utilitarianism prioritizes the maximization of overall happiness, libertarianism emphasizes the protection of individual rights and limited government intervention. This essay aims to delve into the fundamental differences between these ideologies and their implications for ethical reasoning and social governance. Utilitarianism: Pursuit of Happiness at the Expense of Rights Utilitarianism, rooted in the philosophy of consequentialism, posits that the...
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Introduction In the realm of ethics, two prominent perspectives emerge: utilitarianism and moral relativism. Utilitarianism, founded on the principle of maximizing overall happiness, provides an objective framework for ethical decision-making. In contrast, moral relativism asserts that morality is context-dependent, varying among individuals and cultures. This essay aims to compare and contrast these two perspectives to elucidate their differences and implications for ethical reasoning. Moral Relativism: Emphasis on Subjectivity Moral relativism encompasses two main forms: cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism. Cultural...
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Introduction Utilitarianism, as an ethical theory, traditionally focuses on maximizing overall happiness or pleasure. However, within the realm of Utilitarian thought, there exists a variant known as qualitative Utilitarianism, which emphasizes the quality rather than the quantity of happiness. This essay delves into the principles and implications of qualitative Utilitarianism. Understanding Qualitative Utilitarianism Qualitative Utilitarianism diverges from classical Utilitarianism by asserting that not all pleasures are of equal value. While classical Utilitarianism suggests that all pleasures should be quantified and...
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Introduction Utilitarianism, an influential ethical theory, emphasizes the maximization of overall happiness as the basis for determining the moral rightness or wrongness of actions. Developed by philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, R.M. Hare, and Peter Singer, Utilitarianism has gained prominence for its consequentialist approach to ethics. Definition and Core Principles Utilitarianism posits that the consequences of actions, rather than their motives or adherence to moral rules, are what determine their ethical value. Actions are judged based on...
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Utilitarianism, a consequentialist ethical theory, asserts that the moral worth of an action is determined by its ability to produce the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. However, within the framework of Utilitarianism, there exist variations known as extreme and restricted Utilitarianism. These variations differ in their approach to maximizing utility and addressing moral dilemmas. In this essay, we will delve into the characteristics of extreme and restricted Utilitarianism, analyze their strengths and weaknesses,...
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It requires mass amounts of reason to be labeled as a âgoatâ. Not necessarily the animal that is seen on every farm around the country but one who is known as the greatest of all time. Not many people in this world can call themselves or be labeled as the greatest of all time. So, what does it take to be one of those very few known as a goat? Albert Einstein, a theoretical physicist, can be seen as a...
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I would have to disagree with you, Luke. Though maybe by definition, the word âtranscendâ means âto go beyondâ the idea of transcendentalism wasnât to go beyond, but to correct and live correctly. As the document that Mr.Ripper provided us with states, âTranscendentalism was a movement for religious renewal, literary innovation, and social transformation.â Some were moving forward innovations, but most of this movement was a kind of refresh, or as said in the text, transformation, and renewal. According to...
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In this essay, I would like to discuss Rousseauâs approach to childhood and how his work impacted society. The themes of innocent states and fears of corruption are repeating themes that appear within Rousseauâs work. I would like to highlight the main points he emphasizes throughout his texts, particularly in his treatise on education called Emile (1762), also known as On Education, which supplies a more holistic approach, for the time, on childhood and education. In addition to this, the...
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1. Introduction In this essay, I argue that it is rationally preferable for a human being to act altruistically than to not do so if and only if the altruistic behavior does not harm the benefactor in any way. In the following paragraphs, I will present two theories that are considered consequentialist: Ethical Egoism and Utilitarianism, then compare and contrast them to decide which theory presents a more rationally appealing reason for why altruism is morally advantageous. For the sake...
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Time travel have been the idea humankind interesting in for century. Since the ancient time, fairy tale about, time travel has always been relevant. From the Hindu epic, King Revaita accepts an invitation to Brahmaâs place, when he returns to earth, he finds many century have passed. The story of fisherman name Urashima Taro, having saved a sea turtle, he gets invited to the sea-kingdom; when he return home he became a centuries old man although he just stay there...
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Public policy making is essential in making sure that the government is guided in order to reach rational decisions. It is there to give clarity to the internal and external stakeholders on how an organization operates (in this context the government), how resources will be allocated, and how everything will operate in a country. Public policy can also be defined as âa relatively stable, purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in dealing with a...
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The structural-functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. It is based largely on the works of Emile Durkheim as well as Herbert Spencer. It has been given various, but similar definitions by many sociological scholars. Generally, it sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Functionalism can also be defined as a framework for building theory that sees society...
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Philosophers attempt to use moral theories to ideally determine whether an individual is a moral and ethical person. This essay will include the theories; Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics, and how each significant theory can make an individual a moral member of society, but with contrasting views of other philosophers' ideas. For example, different philosophers believe in different moral theories regarding how people make decisions in life, therefore, everyone has a diverse perspective on how they would approach situations in...
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The type of white-collar crime exposed by the Banking Royal Commission is difficult to explain using criminological theory. White-collar crime consists of law-breaking actions that business and government-appointed officials in workplace environments have committed. The crimes are usually nonviolent, and primarily focused on financial gain. (Loy, n.d.) The Banking Royal Commission investigated the improper behavior of businesses in the banking, superannuation, and financial services sectors. It was initiated by the Australian government on 14 December 2017, in accordance with the...
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The multi-store model of memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) and is a basic model. They suggested that memory comprised of three stores: a tactile register, transient memory (STM) and long-haul memory (LTM). This is one of the theories that I will be discussing alongside the working memory theory which was introduced by Baddeley & Hitch in 1974. The working memory theory argues that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the multi-store model is far too...
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Prosocial behavior occurs when people act to benefit others rather than themselves. So basically, prosocial conduct is described as acting in a way that benefits others or society as a whole. Prosocial behavior may come in many aspects, like helping others in need, comforting, sharing personal resources, and cooperating with others to achieve some common goals. Feeling empathy and concern for others and behaving in a way to help others are the behaviors that can be describe under prosocial. The...
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Karl Marx sought the answers to questions by trying to understand how our capitalist society works (for whom it works better, for whom worse), how it arose out of feudalism and where it is likely to lead. Concentrating on the social and economic relations in which people earn their livings, Marx saw behind capitalism's law and order appearance a struggle of two main classes: the capitalists, who own the productive resources, and the workers or proletariat, who must work in...
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Introduction Libertarianism is a political philosophy that advocates for maximum individual freedom and limited government intervention in both personal and economic matters. Rooted in the principles of individualism, personal autonomy, and free-market capitalism, libertarianism promotes the idea that individuals should have the liberty to make their own choices without undue interference from the state. This essay will provide an informative overview of libertarianism, exploring its core principles, key tenets, and its impact on society. Individual Liberty and Personal Autonomy At...
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Sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman introduced the theory of social constructionism in 1966 in the book âThe Social Construction of Realityâ. Three separate intellectual movements came together to form the basis of social constructionism in the late 1960s. The second was a literary and rhetorical impetus to the deconstruction of language and how it affects our knowledge of reality. Furthermore, the third is a criticism of scientific practice. It was led by Thomas Kuhn, who argued that scientific...
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