E.coli presence in aquaculture attributed to the contamination of the water by animal waste [28]. Its isolation from fish samples indicates fecal contamination of the water resulting from the livestock manure. The contamination of food and environment with a bacteriological condition like E.coli is almost originated from human and animal feces. Isolation of E.coli was done by taking swab samples...
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Intro There is a lot of controversy surrounding whether it is ethical to keep Elephants in captivity due to their specific needs & the lack of space they may have. Elephants in the wild may migrate hundreds of miles in a herd to find water and food, they do this every year or more. Therefore the space in zoos restricts...
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There are many things that make the human species unique. While there are many factors that all scientists can agree are uniquely innate to humans, there are still some categories that cause a lot of controversy in this field. For example, the Bischof-Köhler hypothesis is one hypothesis that scientists have debated if it is truly unique to humans or it...
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Pollen or nectar are the forms where insect visits flower to obtain food. The plants obtained the service of pollinators in carrying pollen from one flower to another. They feed on nectar from flourish for energy from sugars in nectar and for sodium and other minerals which are vital for their reproduction. In 18th century, butterflies have been studied steadily...
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The World Organisation for Animal Health (2020) describe welfare as “ the physical and mental state of an animal in relation to the conditions in which it lives and dies “ and in 1965 the guiding principles of welfare were created called the ‘Five Freedoms’ which are : freedom from hunger, malnutrition and thirst. freedom from fear and distress. freedom...
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Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are arboreal threatened marsupial species which are controlled to eastern Australian forests and woodlands that comprise Eucalyptus species. In spite of the koala’s having been considered a species of slightest concern since 1996 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Australian government included the koala to the country’s threatened species list in 2012.The conservation...
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Introduction Throughout the duration of a week, a herd of 18 horses that formed the group of riding school horses at Wallington Park Equestrian Centre were observed for the exhibition of behaviours, these behaviours are then discussed below including the root and reason for their existence. The herd had a range of breeds and sizes containing ponies and horses together,...
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Present Variations Variations in Brown rats; captivity versus in the wild For over a century brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been used by humans for many reasons. Originally, they were used by rat fanciers (those who breed rats as a hobby for their unique coats etc) and later by scientists who still use R. norvegicus to this day for their...
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Imagine if the word you lived in, space you breathed in, and freedom you played in was all suddenly taken away from you. Killer Whales are kidnapped, usually from a young age, and taken away to be tortured for the pleasure of an audience at Sea World. The experience these Killer whales undergo cause extremely poor health in whales, including...
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Racehorses are pushed to race at younger ages than they really should, so that the jockeys, trainers and owners can make as much money from that horse as they can. Sounds good right? Making loads of money? Well, maybe in this case it is not as good as you think. Horses are expected to race before their bodies are developed...
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The study of climate change impacts on birds has increasingly been hot topic in recent years. Abundant evidence and proof shows there have been apparent changes in avian population, life history traits, and geographic ranges in react to worldwide environmental change. This paper briefly reviews the impacts of climate change on birds specifically focusing on its distribution, production and conservation...
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We live in the 21st century and yes, we have moved past a lot of barriers like caste, creed, colonialism and many others but still, we have a long way to go before we fully act like we live in the 21st century. What we often forget is that the Earth belongs not only to the humans but also to...
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Climate change impacts have resulted in ecological changes that cause physiological stress on species and can affect population dynamics. Sources of stress include biotic factors such as predation and competition, as well as abiotic factors such as extremes in temperature and increased frequency of fires and drought. For example, global temperature levels have and are expected to rise, with eighteen...
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Emperor Penguins Emperor penguins migrate annually from the West coast of Antarctica to their breeding grounds. This journey has a distance of 60-100 miles and the main reason is for breeding. However, recently some Emperor penguins are migrating because of climate change and limited amounts of food. The migration takes place during the month of March. Around 595,000 Emperor Penguins...
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Koalas, the Aussie-favourite. Only about one-hundred thousand Koalas live in Australia. They may be cute and soft. But their fur is as coarse as the sheep wool that hasn't been knitted and softened, it protects them from both heat & cold as it also helps to repel water like a raincoat. In fact, their fur is the thickest of all...
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Extinction happens when a plant or animal species ' last individual dies out. This can occur naturally, likely due to climate change or other factors, or due to human activity such as overhunting or habitat destruction. Marine animals are aquatic mammals that rely for their life on the ocean and other marine ecosystems. Researchers are now using a comprehensive study...
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Living organisms have systems which all work together to enable survival. In the animal kingdom, rats and humans are both mammals, and they have very similar systems and organs in their body. A mammal is a warm-blooded vertebrate animal which has fur or hair, gives birth to babies, as opposed to laying eggs, and feed their young milk. The systems...
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Orange-bellied parrot is a kind of slim ground-feeding parrot with grass-green top and yellowish below. Its prominent is the orange patch on belly, but adult female has slightly smaller orange patch. The taxon name of orange-bellied parrot is Neophema chrysogaster. This species breeds only in south-western Tasmania, Australia between November and March. The nest is in a natural pit or...
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Evolutionary biologists have, for a long time, been interested in the butterflies' colorful wings. The coloration patterns on the wings of a butterfly have many roles, which include the attraction of the male, concealment, mate identification, and warning signals. Given that the coloration on the wings mostly plays several roles simultaneously, there is a possibility that there exist conflicts between...
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Fire ants can attack most of Australia's shoreline regions and big regions of the tropical west of Australia, including world heritage fields and national parks. Fire ants are very violent and prey on creatures living on the floor like insects, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. As a consequence, some of Australia's indigenous livestock, including endangered birds, could be displaced or...
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The Dolphin Research Institute (DRI) actively obtains dolphin research for the south eastern region of Victoria and focuses extensively on conservation, education and environmental leadership for the community. DRI is a not for profit organisation established in 1991 by passionate individuals who were concerned about the local dolphin populations. One of their greatest milestones was the establishment of the world’s...
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A Keystone species, like an animal or plant helps define and shape an entire ecosystem. These species are a key function to an ecosystem. Without keystone species the ecosystem and habitats would dramatically differ and change or, would not exist at all, species who depend on those environments would not exist either. If keystone species didn’t exist there would be...
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The Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) native to Tasmania Australia, is the quickest parrot on the planet, however, now being critically endangered is on a fast decline to extinction. According to a ‘Conservation Volunteers Australia’ webpage, there are just approximately 2000 Swift Parrots left in the wild. The Swift Parrot travels across over Bass Strait to the Australian Mainland to collect...
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Have you ever wondered how red pandas came into existence? Well, you’re in luck. While doing my research on red pandas, I found out what the taxonomy of a red panda, I found where red pandas come from and how they have evolved throughout time, and I found some interesting facts about the red panda that made me choose the...
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Chimpanzees, bonobos, capuchin monkeys and other related animals are capable of many similar thoughts and behaviors as humans. The most significant findings from the textbook “Understanding Humans: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 11th Edition” and from lectures are their social behavior, cultural behavior, reproductive behavior and language. Different variables have effect on evolutionary processes some being natural selection,...
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The primary aim of wildlife management efforts for most endangered species involves the reintroduction of safe individuals into wild ecosystems. To help accomplish this aim, zoo population managers are working to ensure not just the animals 'physical well-being but also their genetic health. In essence, the animals should be as close as possible to their wild-born counterparts: the outcome of...
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Dolphins are a kind of our favourite sea creatures. Everyone loves them. But, most of us only know a few things about them. Have you heard of the pink dolphins which are much more cute? Today, I’d love to present some good news about a dolphin birth. A dolphin mom who is called Pinky has given birth to her pink...
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The Painted Lady Butterfly is a native species to North America, It can be found in other countries such as Africa, Europe, and Asia. This particular butterfly can be found in several states within the United States. During seasonal changes, they tend to migrate to the states in the southwestern region. Then they return to the northern and eastern regions...
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The word fish is an all-encompassing term used to describe every aquatic organism, such as ray-finned fishes, sharks, whales, lampreys, and coelacanths, to name a few. Besides being an aquatic organism, fish is a major source of protein to man. As a matter of fact, statistics provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization show that fish alone constitute 16% of...
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Why didn't they evolve? Why do they swim? What to change to make them fly? Why they don’t they fly? What the advantages and disadvantages would be if they flew? Paragraph or two to answer each Why Penguins Can’t Fly and what would happen if they could? We are all familiar with the cute little black and white birds but...
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